Responsible Science -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Sponsors -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- The Problem of Misconduct in Science -- Acting to Ensure Integrity in Research -- PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THIS STUDY -- Charge to the Panel -- Approach, Scope, and Audience -- Defining Terms-Articulating a Framework for Fostering Responsible Research Conduct -- Misconduct in Science -- Questionable Research Practices -- Other Misconduct -- FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS -- Scientists and Research Institutions -- The Changing Research Enterprise -- Misconduct in Science-Incidence and Significance -- Handling Allegations of Misconduct in Science-Institutional Responses and Experience -- University-Government Approaches -- Need for Explicit Procedural Elements -- Current Situation -- Balancing Accountability and the Need for Intellectual Freedom -- Steps to Encourage Responsible Research Practices -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Acting to Define and Strengthen Basic Principles and Practices -- Recommendation One -- Recommendation Two -- Recommendation Three -- Dealing with Misconduct-Institutional Roles -- Recommendation Four -- Recommendation Five -- Recommendation Six -- Recommendation Seven -- Recommendation Eight -- Recommendation Nine -- Taking Additional Steps -- Recommendation Ten -- Recommendation Eleven -- Recommendation Twelve -- NOTES -- 1 Introduction -- THE U.S. RESEARCH ENTERPRISE -- The Traditions of Science -- Changing Circumstances and Expectations -- The Problem of Misconduct in Science -- ENSURING INTEGRITY IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS -- Acknowledging the Range of Concerns -- Taking Constructive Action -- PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THIS STUDY -- Charge to the Panel -- Approach, Audience, Content -- METHODS, DEFINITIONS, AND BASIC ASSUMPTIONS -- Evaluating Available Data.

Defining Terms-Articulating a Framework for Fostering Responsible Research Conduct -- Misconduct in Science -- Questionable Research Practices -- Other Misconduct -- Understanding Causes and Evaluating Cures -- Starting from Logical Assumptions -- NOTES -- 2 Scientific Principles and Research Practices -- FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH PRACTICES -- Norms of Science -- Individual Scientific Disciplines -- The Role of Individual Scientists and Research Teams -- Institutional Policies -- Government Regulations and Policies -- Social Attitudes and Expectations -- RESEARCH PRACTICES -- Data Handling -- Acquisition and Management -- Storage -- Issues Related to Advances in Information Technology -- Communication and Publication -- Authorship -- Editors -- Peer Review -- Correction of Errors -- Research Training and Mentorship -- Positive Aspects of Mentorship -- Difficulties Associated with Mentorship -- Making Mentorship Better -- FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- 3 Contemporary Research Environment -- THE U.S. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ENTERPRISE -- Brief Historical Perspective -- Current Concerns -- THE CHANGING RESEARCH SCENE -- Increased Size and Scope of the Research Enterprise -- Complexity of Collaboration -- Organization, Goals, and Management of Research Groups -- Regulation and Accountability -- Reward System -- University-Industry Cooperation -- FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- 4 Misconduct in Science-Incidence and Significance -- INCIDENCE OF MISCONDUCT IN SCIENCE-PUBLISHED EVIDENCE AND INFORMATION -- Government Statistics on Misconduct in Science -- National Science Foundation -- Department of Health and Human Services -- Consequences of Confirmed Misconduct -- Government Definitions of Misconduct in Science-Ambiguity in Categories -- Reports from Local Institutional Officials -- Investigatory Reports.

Other Institutional Reports -- International Studies -- Analyses, Surveys, and Other Reports -- Woolf Analysis -- OSIR Analysis -- The Acadia Institute Survey -- Other Reports -- FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- 5 Handling Allegations of Misconduct in Science-Institutional Responses and Experience -- UNIVERSITY-GOVERNMENT APPROACHES -- Growing Interaction in the 1980s -- General Requirements -- More Specific Requirements Related to Misconduct Policies and Procedures -- Institutional Responses to Requirements -- Stage One: Misconduct Inquiry -- Stage Two: Misconduct Investigation -- Findings, Discussion, and Conclusions -- General Conclusions -- The Issue of Adjudication -- GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND PROCEDURES -- Department of Health and Human Services -- Office of Scientific Integrity -- Office of Scientific Integrity Review -- Office of Inspector General -- PHS ALERT System -- National Science Foundation -- GOVERNMENT-UNIVERSITY EFFORTS-UNRESOLVED ISSUES -- Areas of Disagreement -- Observations and Discussion -- THE ROLE OF THE COURTS -- SPECIAL CONCERNS PROMPTED BY UNIVERSITY-GOVERNMENT-COURT INTERACTIONS -- Due Process Requirements -- Consequences of Misconduct Inquiriesand Investigations -- Government Sanctions -- Remedial Actions -- Faculty Participation in Misconduct Investigations -- The Role of Whistle-blowers -- The Problem of False Accusations -- ADDITIONAL FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS -- Current Situation -- Balancing Accountability and the Need for Intellectual Freedom -- Need for an Independent Body as an Additional Resource -- NOTES -- 6 Steps to Encourage Responsible Research Practices -- ACKNOWLEDGING RESPONSIBILITY AND TAKING ACTION -- INTEGRATING ETHICS INTO THE EDUCATION OF SCIENTISTS -- Benefits of Education in Ethics -- Approaches to Teaching Ethics -- CONSIDERING GUIDELINES FOR RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH PRACTICES.

Current Means for Providing Guidance -- Scope and Purpose of Institutional Guidelines for the Conduct of Research -- Benefits of Institutional Guidelines for the Conduct of Research -- Disadvantages of Institutional Guidelines for the Conduct of Research -- Conclusions About Institutional Guidelines for the Conduct of Research -- A FRAMEWORK OF SUBJECTS TO CONSIDER IN ENCOURAGING RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH PRACTICES -- DISCOURAGING QUESTIONABLE RESEARCH PRACTICES -- NOTES -- 7 Recommendations -- ACTING TO DEFINE AND STRENGTHEN BASIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES -- Recommendation One -- Recommendation Two -- Recommendation Three -- DEALING WITH MISCONDUCT-INSTITUTIONAL ROLES -- Recommendation Four -- Recommendation Five -- Recommendation Six -- Recommendation Seven -- Recommendation Eight -- Recommendation Nine -- TAKING ADDITIONAL STEPS -- Recommendation Ten -- Discussion and Details -- Specific Tasks -- Organization and Structure -- Termination -- Concluding Comments -- Recommendation Eleven -- Recommendation Twelve -- NOTE -- 8 Selected Bibliography -- Minority Statement -- Appendixes -- A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF PANEL MEMBERS -- Study Staff -- B SUBPANELS -- Subpanel On The Environment Of The Study -- Staff -- Subpanel On Research Practices And Standards -- Staff -- Subpanel On Misconduct And Integrity In Science -- Staff -- Index.