Alcohol and Public Policy: Beyond the Shadow of Prohibition -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Report of the Panel -- Introduction -- 1 Simplifying Conceptions of Alcohol Problems and Policies -- GOVERNING IDEAS -- MINORITY CONCEPTIONS -- CONCLUSION -- 2 The Nature of Alcohol Problems -- EFFECTS OF DRINKING -- UNDERLYING PATTERNS OF DRINKING PRACTICES -- Definition of Drinking Practices -- Consumption: Quantity and Frequency -- Quantity Consumed -- Frequency of Drunkenness -- Historical and Cross-Cultural Comparisons -- Aggregate Patterns of Drinking Contexts -- Stability of Individual Drinking Practices -- Causes of Drinking Practices -- THE PROBLEM OF ATTRIBUTING EFFECTS -- CONCLUSION: AVENUES FOR AFFECTING ALCOHOL PROBLEMS -- 3 Perspectives on Current Alcohol Policies -- CURRENT ALCOHOL POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS -- THE PRIMA FACIE CASE FOR PREVENTION -- THE DEFINITION OF PREVENTION POLICIES -- OBJECTIONS TO PREVENTION POLICIES -- CATEGORIES OF PREVENTION POLICIES -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. -- 4 Regulating the Supply of Alcoholic Beverages -- THE LESSONS OF PROHIBITION -- CURRENT INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES -- THE SINGLE DISTRIBUTION THEORY -- TAXATION AND PRICES -- CONTROLLING OFF-PREMISE RETAIL SALES -- CONTROLLING ON-PREMISE SALES -- MINIMUM AGE RESTRICTIONS -- CONCLUSION -- 5 Shaping Drinking Practices Directly -- CONCEPTS OF SAFER AND MORE APPROPRIATE DRINKING -- DRINKING PRACTICES AND THE LAW -- Drunken Driving and the Law -- Public Drunkenness -- EDUCATION, INFORMATION, AND TRAINING PROGRAMS -- School Education Programs -- Mass Media Information Campaigns -- Community-Based Health Information and Training -- Conclusions About Education, Information, and Training Programs -- SETTING A GOOD EXAMPLE: A NOTE ON SYMBOLIC EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT ACTIONS -- CONCLUSION -- 6 Reducing Environmental Risk -- DAMAGE IN THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.

Physical Safety Measures -- Social Safety Measures -- DAMAGE IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT -- Victimization -- Public Drunkenness and the Urban Environment -- Deemphasizing Hostility -- CONCLUSION -- Summary -- References -- Commissioned Papers -- TEMPERANCE AND PROHIBITION IN AMERICA: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW -- Introduction -- The Colonial Period -- The Decline of Authority -- Mobilizing for the Crusade -- "Narrow" Versus "Broad-Gauge" -- Prohibition -- Epilogue -- References -- ALCOHOL USE AND CONSEQUENCES -- Introduction -- Alcohol Use: Intoxication, Drinking Patterns, and Total Consumption -- Methods of Measurement -- Uses of Per-Capita Consumption -- Disaggregated Consumption Statistics -- Drinking Patterns in Survey Data -- Use and Consequences: The Problem of Attribution -- Mortality -- Economic Costs -- Behavior -- Socially Important Effects of Alcohol Use -- Physiological Effects -- Personality -- Physical Environment -- Interpersonal Effects -- Institutional Effects -- Conclusion -- References -- THE PARADOX OF ALCOHOL POLICY: THE CASE OF THE 1969 ALCOHOL ACT IN FINLAND -- Introduction -- The Finnish Alcohol Policy Debate -- The Finnish Drinking Style -- The First Test for the Debate -- The 1969 Alcohol Act: the Second Test -- The Aftermath of Lifting Restrictions -- More Recent Survey Reports -- Medium Beer -- Public Drunkenness -- Comparisons of Sweden and Finland -- Evaluating the Impact of the 1969 Alcohol Act -- The Rise of the "Wet Generation" -- Summary and Conclusions -- Implications for the United States -- References -- THE EFFECT OF LIQUOR TAXES ON DRINKING, CIRRHOSIS, AND AUTO ACCIDENTS -- Introduction -- Prices and Taxes -- Alcohol Beverage Taxation -- The Demand for Alcoholic Beverages -- Notes on the Economic Theory of Consumption -- The Econometric Approach to Estimating Price and Income Effects -- Results from Econometric Studies.

Quasi-Experimental Analysis of the Demand for Liquor -- A Replication -- The Effect of Tax Increases on Auto and Cirrhosis Fatalities -- Introduction -- Cirrhosis and Drinking -- Cirrhosis Mortality Rates as an Indicator of Heavy Drinking -- Previous Studies Relating Price to Cirrhosis Deaths -- Conclusions -- Results of a Quasi-Experimental Study -- Evaluating Alcoholic Beverage Taxation -- Incidence -- Cost-Benefit Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- REDUCING ALCOHOL ABUSE: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES -- Introduction -- Public Information Campaigns: The Classic Debate -- Alcohol Abuse Campaigns -- Theoretical Principles of Behavior Change -- Models of Effects -- The Stanford Heart Disease Prevention Program: An Integrated Model of Behavior Change -- Description -- Discussion -- Attitude Composition -- Interpersonal Strategies for Behavior Change -- Social Learning Approach -- Group Influence -- Factors of Persuasive Communication -- Source -- Message -- Channel Factors -- Receiver Factors -- Conclusion -- Projects of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism -- Caspar Alcohol Education Program -- Alcohol Education Curriculum Project -- University of Massachusetts Demonstration Alcohol Education Project -- Discussion -- Steps for Constructing a Campaign -- Conclusion -- References -- REDUCING THE COSTS OF DRINKING AND DRIVING -- Introduction -- Costs and Their Implications for the Role of Government -- The Need for Evaluation -- Preventable Accidents -- Magnitude of Preventable Costs -- Exposure Reduction -- Overview -- General Deterrence -- Risk of Punishment -- Severity of Punishment -- Public Information and Education -- Conclusion -- Reduction of Recidivism -- Maximum Potential Savings -- Effectiveness of Treatments -- Third-Party Intervention -- Minimum Drinking Age -- Screening -- Detection Devices in Vehicles.

Alternative Transportation -- Findings and Recommendations -- General Deterrence -- Reducing Recidivism (Specific Deterrence) -- Third-Party Intervention -- Drinking Age -- Screening -- Detection Devices in Vehicles -- Alternative Transportation -- Reducing Risk -- Perverse Incentives -- Generally Applied Risk Reduction -- Specifically Applied Risk Reduction -- Findings and Recommendations -- Government Action Toward Drinking and Driving -- Institutional Bias Against Learning -- Recommendation -- Appendix A: Review of Epidemiological Studies -- Evanston -- Grand Rapids -- Huntsville -- New York -- Vermont -- Appendix B: Adjusting Vermont Data to Reflect All Fatal Accidents -- Appendix C: Relative Risk and Accident Reduction -- Controlled Epidemiological Studies -- Estimating Relative Risk -- Predicting Accident Reduction -- References -- THE ROLE OF NONALCOHOL AGENCIES IN FEDERAL REGULATION OF DRINKING BEHAVIOR AND CONSEQUENCES -- Introduction -- Federal Authority to Regulate the Alcohol Market -- Scope of the Paper -- Federal Land-Based Jurisdiction of Alcohol Distribution -- Introduction -- National Park Service -- Bureau of Land Management -- Army Corps of Engineers -- National Forest Service -- Bureau of Indian Affairs -- Department of Defense -- Restrictions on Availability -- Deglamorization Program -- Pricing Policies -- Discussion -- Federal Safety-Based Jurisdiction of Alcohol-Related Problems -- Introduction -- The History of Safety Regulation -- Alcohol as a Factor in Safety Regulation -- The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) -- Authority -- Organization and Procedures -- Problems Besetting the Consumer Product Safety Commission -- Recent Reforms -- The Commission and Alcohol-Related Problems -- Residential Fires -- Discussion -- Federal Transportation-Based Jurisdiction -- Introduction -- National Transportation Safety Board.

Jurisdiction -- Investigations of Alcohol Involvement -- The Federal Aviation Administration -- Jurisdiction -- Alcohol Problems in Air Transportation -- FAA Regulations and Response -- Federal Railroad Administration -- Jurisdiction -- Industry Rules -- Alcohol-Related Problems Within the Railroad Industry-The University Research Corporation Study -- Environmental Factors Contributing to Alcohol-Related Problems -- United States Coast Guard -- Discussion -- National Transportation Safety Board -- Federal Aviation Administration -- Federal Railroad Administration -- Federal Economic-Based Jurisdiction -- Introduction -- Internal Revenue Service -- Small Business Administration -- Conclusion -- References -- Appendix -- Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff.