BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN TRANSBOUNDARY PROTECTED AREAS -- Copyright -- Contents -- OVERVIEW -- INTRODUCTION -- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF CONSERVATION OF PROTECTED AREAS -- BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION STRATEGIES IN THE PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES -- BIOSPHERE RESERVES AND NATURAL CONDITIONS IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN BORDER REGIONS -- WILDLIFE AND TOURIST MANAGEMENT IN TRANSBOUNDARY RESERVES -- MONITORING AND MEASURING THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE IN BORDER AREAS -- I GENERAL ISSUES OF CONSERVATION OF PROTECTED AREAS -- THE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF VEGETATIONAL LANDSCAPES: PROBLEMS WITH EVALUATION -- INTRODUCTION -- LEVELS OF DIVERSITY -- THE INFLUENCE OF ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES ON DIVERSITY WITHIN VEGETATIONAL LANDSCAPES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- RESTORATION ECOLOGY: SOME NEW PERSPECTIVES -- INTRODUCTION -- AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH -- PROJECT DEVELOPMENT -- Goal Setting -- Planning -- Implementation -- Monitoring -- Maintenance -- EDUCATION -- RESEARCH NEEDS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- DESIGN OF PROTECTED AREAS -- INTRODUCTION -- JUSTIFICATION -- CATEGORIES -- CRITICAL ELEMENTS -- Purpose -- Size -- Shape -- Location -- Management -- Legal Consideration -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- STREAMS AS INTEGRATORS OF ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROCESSES -- INTRODUCTION -- CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES FOR AQUATIC CONSERVATION -- Streams as Four-Dimensional Environments -- Streams as Integrators of Ecological Properties and Socio-Economic Processes in the Landscape -- Regional Differences in the History of Human Effects on Rivers -- EMERGING CONSERVATION STRATEGIES FOR AQUATIC SYSTEMS -- INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION -- REFERENCES -- PRESENT STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES OF MAB BIOSPHERE RESERVES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- II BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN THE PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES -- BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN THE UNITED STATES -- INTRODUCTION.

THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- THE CURRENT CONSERVATION FRAMEWORK -- DEVELOPING AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH -- SUSTAINING THE ENVIRONMENT INTO THE NEXT CENTURY -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- A STRATEGY FOR BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION IN POLAND -- INTRODUCTION -- SECTION I -- SECTION II -- SECTION III -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- PROBLEMS IN TRANSBOUNDARY PROTECTED AREAS IN UKRAINE -- REFERENCES -- BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION STRATEGY IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS -- BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION PROJECT FOR THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC -- WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? -- GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY (GEF) -- The GEF and Slovakia -- The Goals and Orientation of the Project -- The Implementation of the Project -- THE BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION PROGRAM -- Carrying Capacity -- Establishing the Foundation for the Protection of Diversity in the East Carpathians -- INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT PROGRAM -- THE CONSERVATION PROGRAM -- Sustainable Development Strategies -- The Carrying Capacity -- The Small Grants Program -- THE FUTURE -- PRESERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN TRANSBOUNDARY PROTECTED AREAS OF BELARUS AND POLAND -- INTRODUCTION -- RETROSPECTIVE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF BELOVEZHSKAYA PUSHCHA -- SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS -- PROBLEMS OF OPTIMIZING THE PROTECTIVE REGIME IN BELOVEZHSKAYA PUSHCHA -- THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR ACTIVITIES AIMED AT CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY IN BELOVEZHSKAYA PUSHCHA -- CONCLUSIONS -- BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION IN COUNTRIES WITH ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION -- III BIOSPHERE RESERVES AND NATURAL CONDITIONS IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN BORDER REGIONS -- BIALOWIEZA NATIONAL PARK AND BIOSPHERE RESERVES -- GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- STATE OF PRESERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ECOSYSTEMS -- Polish Part -- Belarussian Part -- SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH -- Polish Part -- Belarussian Part -- TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION -- REFERENCES -- THE TATRA NATIONAL PARK AND TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE.

PROBLEMS OF NATURAL DIVERSITY PROTECTION IN THE TATRA NATIONAL PARK AND BIOSPHERE RESERVE -- NATURAL DIVERSITY -- SECONDARY DIFFERENTIATION -- THE PROBLEMS OF PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY IN THE TATRAS -- A PLAN OF PROTECTION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- THE FUNCTIONING OF THE GEOECOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF THE TATRA MOUNTAINS -- REFERENCES -- VYCHODNE KARPATY/EAST CARPATHIAN BIOSPHERE RESERVE -- INTRODUCTION -- MANAGEMENT -- VALUABLE NATURAL FEATURES -- PEOPLE AND AREA -- REFERENCES -- BIESZCZADY NATIONAL PARK -- KARKONOSZE NATIONAL PARK AND KARKONOSZE/ KRKONOSE BILATERAL BIOSPHERE RESERVE -- THE HYDROGRAPHIC SYSTEM OF POLAND WITH EMPHASIS ON BORDER REGIONS -- TRANSBOUNDARY NATURAL SYSTEMS IN EASTERN POLAND AND A PROPOSAL FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION STRATEGY -- REFERENCES -- NEW MAPS ON THE USE OF AND THREATS TO THE ENVIRONMENT IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN EUROPE -- IV WILDLIFE AND TOURIST MANAGEMENT IN TRANSBOUNDARY PROTECTED AREAS -- BIALOWIEZA PRIMEVAL FOREST: HABITAT AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT -- INTRODUCTION -- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- SOURCES OF DATA -- FOREST STRUCTURE -- AGE AND EXPLOITATION OF THE FOREST -- WILDLIFE DENSITY AND MANAGEMENT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- THE MANAGEMENT OF LARGE MAMMALS IN THE EASTERN CARPATHIANS BIOSPHERE RESERVE -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- OLYMPIC ELK: PARALLELS TO RED DEER MANAGEMENT IN TRANSBOUNDARY PROTECTED AREAS OF CENTRAL EUROPE -- INTRODUCTION -- STUDY AREA -- HISTORY OF ELK IN OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK -- DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- A PROPOSED SYSTEM OF CROSS-BORDER PROTECTED AREAS IN THE EASTERN BORDER REGION OF POLAND -- INTRODUCTION -- CREATION OF CROSS-BORDER PROTECTED AREAS -- Zalew Wislany (Vistula Lagoon) TOCh -- The Suwalsko-Wisztyniecki (Suwalki-Vistytis) TOCh.

The Augustowsko-Olicki (Augustow-Alytus) TOCh -- The Puszcza Bialowieska (Bialowieska Forest) TOCh -- The Przelom Bugu (Bug River Gorge) TOCh -- The Zachodnie Polesie (Western Polesie) TOCh -- The Roztocze TOCh -- The Wschodnie Beskidy (Eastern Beskid Mountains) TOCh -- INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION -- RECREATION AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN PROTECTED AREAS -- INTRODUCTION -- SCIENCE AND RECREATION MANAGEMENT -- TOURISTS AS AN ASSET -- ECOTOURISM -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- TOURISM'S IMPACT ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT AROUND KASPROWY WIERCH -- REFERENCES -- ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF TATRA NATIONAL PARK AND THE TOWN OF ZAKOPANE -- V MONITORING AND MEASURING THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE IN BORDER AREAS -- PLANT DIVERSITY IN TATRA NATIONAL PARK (SLOVAKIA) -- ENDANGERED SPECIES OR HABITATS OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE -- Peatland Habitats -- Freshwater Habitats -- Epiphytic Lichens and Mosses -- REFERENCES -- FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN THE UKRAINIAN EASTERN CARPATHIANS AND THE UKRAINIAN PART OF THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE -- CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON THE FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF THE UKRAINIAN EASTERN CARPATHIANS -- THE STATE OF EXPLORATION OF THE FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF THE UKRAINIAN PART OF THE EASTERN CARPATHIANS ... -- REFERENCES -- GRASSLANDS OF THE EAST CARPATHIAN BIOSPHERE RESERVE IN SLOVAKIA -- INTRODUCTION -- MOUNTAIN "POLONINY" GRASSLANDS -- GRASSLANDS AT LOWER LEVELS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN THE LATORITSA RIVER BASIN (UKRAINIAN CARP A THIANS) -- REFERENCES -- ECOEDAPHIC CONDITIONS OF TRANSBOUNDARY FOREST ECOSYSTEMS AND THE IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION -- REFERENCES -- THE BELOW-GROUND BIOMASS OF MATURE FORESTS AND IMMISSION LOADING -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHODS -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSIONS -- REFERENCES -- DISTRIBUTION OF CRUSTACEA IN SLOVAKIA'S EASTERN CARPATHIANS AND PROBLEMS OF PRESERVATION -- INTRODUCTION.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WATERSHED -- MATERIAL AND METHODS -- RESULTS -- Amphipoda -- Decapoda -- CONSERVATION ISSUES -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- VI APPENDICES -- APPENDIX A BASIC PRINCIPLES -- SUGGESTED RESEARCH AGENDA TO SUPPORT BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY -- Eastern Carpathian Biosphere Reserve -- Bialowieza/Byelovschkaya -- FOREST FRAGMENTS, CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, AND ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION -- TOURISM AND RECREATION -- KRKONOSE TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE -- MONITORING IN PROTECTED AREAS -- APPENDIX B WORKSHOP AGENDA -- APPENDIX C PARTICIPANT LIST.