DEFINITION OF PAIN AND DISTRESS AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR LABORATORY ANIMALS -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- REFERENCE -- Pain and Distress: USDA Perspective -- POLICY 12 -- POLICY 11 -- EXPLANATION OF CATEGORIES -- Column C -- Column D -- Column E -- DISCUSSION -- Pain, Distress, and Reporting Requirements: PHS Policy Perspective -- INTERRELATED ISSUES -- Similarity of Initiatives -- RATS, MICE, AND BIRDS -- HSUS PAIN AND DISTRESS INITIATIVE -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCE -- Assessing Pain and Distress: A Veterinary Behaviorist's Perspective -- ASSESSING PAIN AND DISTRESS -- The Dilemma of Definitions -- Issues with Assessing Pain -- Issues with Assessing Distress -- Indicators of Pain -- Indicators of Distress -- Degrees of Stress -- Using Behavior to Assess Pain and Distress -- A Program of Pain and Distress Management -- REFERENCES -- QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS -- Scientific Issues of Pain and Distress -- PAIN VERSUS NOCICEPTION -- Pain -- Nociception -- Noxious Stimuli -- CLASSIFICATIONS OF PAIN -- Protective Pain -- Nonprotective Pain -- TISSUE INJURY -- Sensitization -- Hyperalgesia -- STRESS AND DISTRESS -- Definition of Terms -- Reduction with Preemptive Analgesia -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS -- The Humane Society of the United States Pain and Distress Initiative -- CONTEXT OF THE INITIATIVE -- DEFINITIONS OF TERMS -- ASSESSING DISTRESS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS -- Pain and Distress Caused by Experimental Procedures- Is It Time for a Reality Check? -- UP-FRONT REPORTING -- Predictability -- Planning for Optimal Animal Care -- CATEGORY D -- PLANNING EXPERIMENTAL METHODS -- SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL REPORTING -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- A View from the Trenches -- WHO I AM -- HOW I GOT HERE -- WHY I CANNOT SUPPORT CHANGES IN THE EXISTING POLICY.

WASTING OUR FISCAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES -- REFERENCE -- QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS -- AALAS Position Paper on the "Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals" -- EVALUATING PAIN AND DISTRESS -- REPORTING ANIMAL USE -- ALLEVIATING PAIN AND DISTRESS -- TRAINING OF PERSONNEL -- ROLES OF THE VETERINARIAN, IACUC, AND INVESTIGATOR -- REFINEMENT -- CONCLUSION -- QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS -- On Regulating Pain and Distress -- BENEFIT THE ANIMALS -- KEEP IT SIMPLE -- ETHICAL ISSUES -- QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS -- An Industrial Perspective -- SOURCES OF PAIN -- ASSESSMENT -- SHARED RESPONSIBILITY -- Institutions -- Investigators -- IACUC -- Veterinarians -- PAIN AND DISTRESS INITIATIVES -- HSUS -- USDA -- REPORTING -- Categorization -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS -- Corners Still Unswept -- INTRODUCTIONS -- My Life as a Rat -- My Ignorant Colleagues -- Rats and Your Cousins, I Love You -- Overwhelmed -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Personal Experiences with Clinical Pain Management, Study Design, Mitigation of Scientific Confounders, and Long-term Gains… -- EXPERIMENTAL EFFECTS ON ANIMALS -- Results of Cumulative Minor Events -- Multidimensional Risk -- PROVISION OF NECESSARY IMPROVEMENT -- Scheme of Veterinary Care -- Shifting Responsibility for Performance Standards -- ESTABLISHMENT OF PREREVIEW -- SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS AS FACILITATORS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Use of Laboratory Animals in the Postgenome Era -- PREDICTABLE TRENDS IN RESEARCH -- Systems Biology -- Molecular Genetic Technology -- PREDICTABLE CONSEQUENCES OF GENETIC BREEDING -- Definitions and Categories -- Procedures -- Replication of Human Diseases -- Experimental Endpoints -- CONCLUSION -- QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS -- The History and Histrionics of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals -- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- Congressional Remarks -- "Three Rs".

Attention to Language -- Acknowledged Contributions of IACUCs -- ANTICIPATED CHANGES -- Multidimensional Impact -- Inclusion of Rodents -- Pursuit of Excellence -- RECOMMENDED ALTERNATIVE LANGUAGE -- Categories C and D -- Category E -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Panel Discussion with All Speakers -- Appendix A APHIS/USDA Policy 11 and Policy 12 -- POLICY #11-PAINFUL/DISTRESSFUL PROCEDURES-APRIL 14, 1997 -- POLICY #12-CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES TO PAINFUL/DISTRESSFUL PROCEDURES-JUNE 21, 2000 -- Appendix 2 Proposed Rulemaking -- Appendix C Glossary of Abbreviations -- Appendix D Meeting Participants -- Appendix E Meeting Agenda -- WORKSHOP ON DEFINITION OF PAIN AND DISTRESS AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS -- AGENDA -- Appendix F Biographical Sketches of Committee Members.