Copper in Drinking Water -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- THE CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE -- THE COMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE -- THE COMMITTEE'S EVALUATION -- Health Effects of Excess Copper -- Recommendations -- Physiological Role of Copper -- Recommendations -- Sensitive Populations -- Recommendations -- Risk Characterization -- Recommendations -- 1 Introduction -- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES -- SOURCES OF COPPER IN DRINKING WATER -- COMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 Physiological Role of Copper -- ESSENTIALITY -- BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY -- FACTORS AFFECTING BIOAVAILABILITY -- Effect of Age -- Dietary and Other Interactions -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Health Effects of Copper Deficiencies -- TERATOGENESIS OF COPPER DEFICIENCY -- Causes of Copper Deficiency -- Copper in Prenatal Development -- Drug-Induced Copper Deficiency -- Disease-Induced Copper Deficiency -- Copper-Diet Interactions -- Gene-Induced Copper Deficiency -- Human Copper Deficiency and Teratogenesis -- Primary Dietary Copper Deficiency -- HEALTH EFFECTS OF COPPER DEFICIENCIES IN ADULTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Disorders of Copper Homeostasis -- MENKES DISEASE -- OCCIPITAL HORN SYNDROME -- WILSON DISEASE -- GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WILSON AND MENKES DISEASES -- HETEROZYGOTES FOR WILSON DISEASE -- ACERULOPLASMINEMIA -- TYROLEAN INFANTILE CIRRHOSIS -- INDIAN CHILDHOOD CIRRHOSIS -- IDIOPATHIC COPPER TOXICOSIS -- OTHER GENETIC DISORDERS -- DISEASE-INDUCED CHANGES IN COPPER HOMEOSTASIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Health Effects of Excess Copper -- ACUTE TOXICITY -- Case Reports and Population-Based Studies -- CHRONIC TOXICITY -- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity -- Genotoxicity, Mutagenicity, and Carcinogenicity of Copper.

Sensitive Populations -- Carriers of Genetic Defects in Copper Homeostasis -- Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD) -- ANIMAL STUDIES -- Toxicity in Animals -- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity -- Neurotoxicity -- Carcinogenicity -- Mechanisms and Animal Models for Copper Toxicity -- Mechanism of Acute Copper Toxicity -- Mechanism of Chronic Copper Toxicity -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Risk Characterization -- COPPER DEFICIENCY -- COPPER TOXICITY FROM SINGLE OR SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE -- COPPER TOXICITY FROM CHRONIC EXPOSURE -- Sensitive Populations -- Carriers of the Wilson-Disease Gene and Other Genetically Sensitive Groups -- Infants -- Chronic Liver Disease -- Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency -- Implications for the MCLG -- CHRONIC COPPER EXPOSURE THROUGH TAP WATER -- DIETARY CONTRIBUTION AND TOTAL COPPER INTAKE -- Formula-Fed Infants -- General Population -- CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES.