Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution -- Copyright -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- THE CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE -- THE COMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE -- OZONE IN THE UNITED STATES -- OZONE TRENDS -- STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANNING -- ANTHROPOGENIC VOC EMISSIONS -- BIOGENIC VOC EMISSIONS -- AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS -- AIR-QUALITY MODELS -- VOC VERSUS NOX CONTROL -- ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES -- A RESEARCH PROGRAM ON TROPOSPHERIC OZONE -- 1 What Is the Problem? -- NATURAL ATMOSPHERIC OZONE -- Changes in Stratospheric Ozone -- Changes in Tropospheric Ozone -- UNDERSTANDING TROPOSPHERIC OZONE AND PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTION -- -- -- -- -- Background. -- OZONE AND AIR-QUALITY REGULATIONS -- NATIONAL TRENDS IN OZONE -- DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF OZONE -- Health Effects of Atmospheric Ozone -- Human Exposure Issues -- Effects on Vegetation -- PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT -- Chapter -- 2 Trends in Tropospheric Concentrations of Ozone -- INTRODUCTION -- NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD FOR OZONE -- NATIONAL TRENDS IN TROPOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS OF OZONE -- TRENDS IN PRECURSOR EMISSIONS -- OZONE TRENDS NORMALIZED FOR METEOROLOGICAL VARIATION -- Measurement Approaches: A More Robust Ozone Indicator -- Classification Techniques -- Regression Techniques -- SUMMARY -- 3 Criteria for Designing and Evaluating Ozone Reduction Strategies -- INTRODUCTION -- THE CLEAN AIR ACT -- THE STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN -- Ambient Monitoring -- Emissions Inventories -- Relationships Between Emissions and Air Quality -- Control Strategies -- Rule Effectiveness -- SUMMARY -- 4 The Effects of Meteorology on Tropospheric Ozone -- INTRODUCTION -- OZONE ACCUMULATION -- CLOUDS AND VENTING OF AIR POLLUTANTS -- REGIONAL AND MESOSCALE PREDICTABILITY OF OZONE -- GLOBAL AND LONG-TERM PREDICTABILITY OF OZONE.

OZONE IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES -- SUMMARY -- 5 Atmospheric Chemistry of Ozone and Its Precursors -- INTRODUCTION -- GENERAL SCHEMES OF TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY -- Tropospheric Methane Oxidation Cycle -- Photochemical Formation of Ozone -- Other Reactions in the Tropospheric Nitrogen Cycle -- Chemistry of the Polluted Troposphere -- ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY OF ANTHROPOGENIC VOCS -- Alkanes -- Alkenes -- Aromatic Vocs -- Carbonyl Compounds -- Reactions of Organic Peroxy (RO2) Radicals -- Oxygenates Proposed as Alternative Fuels -- Methanol -- Ethanol -- Methyl t-butyl ether -- BIOGENIC VOCS -- NO3 Radical Reaction -- Ozone Reactions -- Oh Radical Reactions -- DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF CHEMICAL MECHANISMS -- OZONE FORMATION POTENTIAL OF VARIOUS VOCS -- SUMMARY -- 6 VOCs and Nox: Relationship to Ozone and Associated Pollutants -- INTRODUCTION -- CHARACTERISTICS OF OZONE ISOPLETHS -- UNCERTAINTIES AND SENSITIVITIES OF ISOPLETHS -- Sensitivity to Chemical Mechanism -- Sensitivity to VOC Composition -- OTHER LIMITATIONS OF ISOPLETHS FOR EVALUATION OF CONTROL STRATEGIES -- EFFECTS OF VOC AND NOX CONTROL ON OTHER SPECIES -- No2, Hno3 and Particulate (Inorganic) Nitrate -- Nitrous Acid -- Peroxyacetyl Nitrate -- NO3 and N2O5 -- Other Nitrated Species -- Secondary Organic Particles and Acids -- SUMMARY -- 7 Techniques For Measuring Reactive Nitrogen Oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds, and Oxidants -- INTRODUCTION -- MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR OXIDES OF NITROGEN AND THEIR OXIDATION PRODUCTS -- Nitric Oxide -- Nitrogen Dioxide -- Peroxyacetyl Nitrate -- Nitric Acid -- Total Reactive Nitrogen Oxides -- MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR CARBON MONOXIDE AND VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- Carbon Monoxide -- Nonmethane Hydrocarbons -- Formaldehyde -- Other Aldehydes and Ketones -- Organic Acids -- MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR OXIDANTS -- The Hydroxyl Radical.

Peroxy and Organic Peroxy Radicals -- Ozone -- Hydrogen Peroxide -- CONDENSED-PHASE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES -- LONG-TERM MONITORING AND INTENSIVE FIELD MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS -- Long-Term Monitoring Programs -- Intensive Field Studies -- SUMMARY -- 8 Atmospheric Observations of Voc, Nox, and Ozone -- INTRODUCTION -- OBSERVATIONS OF OZONE -- OBSERVATIONS OF NOX -- Urban Nox -- Nonurban Nox -- OBSERVATIONS OF NOY -- OBSERVATIONS OF VOCS -- ANALYSIS OF VOC DATA SETS -- SOURCE APPORTIONMENT -- SUMMARY OF VOC, NOX, AND OZONE OBSERVATIONS -- SUMMARY -- 9 Emissions Inventories -- INTRODUCTION -- COMPILATION OF EMISSIONS INVENTORIES -- ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS INVENTORIES -- Anthropogenic Vocs -- Voc Speciation by Source Category -- Anthropogenic Nox -- ESTIMATES OF BIOGENIC EMISSIONS -- Biogenic Voc Inventories -- Uncertainties in Biogenic Inventories -- Natural Sources of Nox -- ACCURACY OF EMISSIONS INVENTORIES -- MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS -- Tunnel Studies -- Roadside Measurements -- ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS VERSUS EMISSIONS INVENTORIES -- Urban Measurements -- Rural Measurements -- ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS VERSUS EMISSIONS INVENTORIES -- SUMMARY -- 10 Ozone Air-Quality Models -- INTRODUCTION -- METEOROLOGICAL INPUT TO AIR-QUALITY MODELS -- BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS -- DEMONSTRATION OF ATTAINMENT -- REGIONAL GRID MODELS -- EVALUATION OF MODEL PERFORMANCE -- Model Performance Evaluation Procedures -- Diagnostic Evaluation Procedures of Model Performance -- Zero Emissions -- Zero Initial Conditions -- Zero Boundary Conditions -- Zero Surface Deposition -- Mixing-Height Variations -- Dependence on Initial and Boundary Conditions -- Assessing Simulation Results -- Multispecies Comparisons -- Mass Fluxes and Budgets -- Sensitivity-Uncertainty Analysis -- TESTING THE ADEQUACY OF MODEL RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN EMISSIONS -- SUMMARY -- 11 Voc Versus Nox Controls.

INTRODUCTION -- EKMA-BASED STUDIES -- GRID-BASED MODELING STUDIES -- Los Angeles Basin -- Northeastern United States -- New York Metropolitan Area -- SUMMARY -- 12 Alternative Fuels -- INTRODUCTION -- FUEL CHOICES -- ATTRIBUTES OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS -- Reformulated Gasoline -- Natural Gas -- Methanol -- Ethanol -- Hydrogen -- Lpg And Propane -- Electricity -- Alternative Fuels for Heavy-Duty Vehicles -- ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND AIR QUALITY -- Methanol -- Experimental Studies -- Mathematical Modeling Studies -- Reformulated Gasoline -- Air-Quality Benefits of Other Fuels -- Natural Gas And Lpg -- Electricity -- Incremental Voc Reactivity -- REGULATORY IMPLEMENTATION OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL USE -- SUMMARY -- 13 Tropospheric Ozone and Global Change -- INTRODUCTION -- GLOBAL CHANGE: OBSERVATIONS -- GLOBAL CHANGE: EXPECTATIONS AND RESPONSE -- PREDICTING CHANGES IN TROPOSPHERIC OZONE -- SUMMARY -- 14 A Research Program On Tropospheric Ozone -- References -- Index.