Sharing Research Data -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- CONTENTS -- PART I: REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL STATISTICS -- Issues and Recommendations -- INTRODUCTION -- Issues in Data Sharing -- Scope of the Report -- Parties to Scientific Research -- BENEFITS OF DATA SHARING -- Reinforcement of Open Scientific Inquiry -- Verification, Refutation, or Refinement of Original Results -- Promotion of New Research Through Existing Data -- Encouraging More Appropriate Use of Empirical Data in Policy Formulation and Evaluation -- Improvements of Measurement and Data Collection Methods -- Development of Theoretical Knowledge and Knowledge of Analytic Technique -- Encouragement of Multiple Perspectives -- Provision of Resources for Training in Research -- Protection Against Faulty Data -- Climate in Which Scientific Research Confronts Decision Making -- COSTS OF DATA SHARING -- Technical Obstacles -- Documentation -- Costs to the Original Researcher -- Costs to Subsequent Analysts -- Sharing Costs -- THE CHANGING ENVIRONMENT FOR DATA SHARING -- Use of Computers -- Privacy and Confidentiality -- Freedom of Information -- Patents, Profits, and Proprietary Data -- Restrictions on International Sharing of Data -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Recommendations for Initial Investigators -- When to Share Data -- Data Relevant to Public Policy -- Planning for Data Sharing as Part of Research -- Keeping Data Available -- Recommendations for Subsequent Analysts -- Recommendations to Institutions that Fund Research -- Recommendations to Editors of Scientific Journals -- Providing Access to Data for Peer Review -- Publishing Reanalyses and Secondary Analyses -- Encouraging Accessibility to Data -- Recommendations to Other Institutions -- Providing Training for Sharing Data -- Reference Service for Social Science Data -- Providing Recognition for Data Sharing.

REFERENCES -- PART II: SOME PERSPECTIVES-COMMISSIONED PAPERS -- Sharing Research Data in the Social Sciences -- VALUES AND ADVANTAGES OF DATA SHARING -- Replication and Verification -- Methodological Improvement -- Secondary Analysis -- Distinctions and Reservations -- INCIDENCE OF DATA SHARING -- Social Science Data Archives -- Data Collections as National Resources -- TECHNICAL OBSTACLES TO DATA SHARING -- Machine Incompatibilities -- Incompatibilities of Software Systems -- Data Preparation and Documentation -- Data Access -- CONFLICTING VALUES AND OBLIGATIONS -- Rewards for Data Sharing -- Misuse of Scientific Data -- Proprietary Interests -- Confidentiality and Privacy -- MODES AND FACILITIES FOR DATA SHARING -- Informal Data Sharing -- Sharing Through Intermediary Facilities -- PRACTICES OUTSIDE SOCIAL SCIENCES -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- NOTES -- Appendix Selected Listing of Data-Sharing Facilities -- References and Selected Bibliography -- Definitions, Products, and Distinctions in Data Sharing -- THE PURPOSES AND PRODUCTS OF DATA SHARING -- Voluntary Versus Involuntary Sharing -- Research Versus Administrative Functions of Data -- Contract and Grant Requirements -- THE NATURE OF SHARED INFORMATION AND VEHICLES FOR SHARING -- Source Lists -- International Aspects -- Consolidation Level of Statistical Data -- PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY AND PROPRIETARY INTERESTS -- Privacy and Confidentiality -- Proprietary Interests -- ENCOURAGING DATA USE -- WELL-PUBLICIZED EXAMPLES OF DATA SHARING AND NOT SHARING -- Sociology and Education: Public and Private Schools -- Economics: Feldstein and the Effects of Social Security -- Zoology and Genetics: The Kammerer Affair -- Pathology and Experimental Biology: Hodgkin's Disease Cell Cultures -- TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF DATA SHARING AND THEIR PRODUCTS -- Education and Training.

Verification, Disconfirmation, and Robustness Analyses -- Methodological Studies -- Use in Design of Studies, Programs, or Constructions -- Combining Studies -- EVALUATION OF DATA-SHARING EFFORTS -- NOTES -- References -- Justifications for and Obstacles to Data Sharing -- INTRODUCTION -- JUSTIFICATIONS FOR DATA SHARING -- Reinforcement of Open Scientific Inquiry -- Verification, Refutation, or Refinement of Original Results -- Replications With Multiple Data Sets -- Exploration of New Questions -- Creation of New Data Sets Through Data File Linkages -- Encouragement of Multiple Perspectives -- Reductions in the Incidence of Faked and Inaccurate Results -- Development of Knowledge About Analytic Techniques and Research Designs -- Provision of Resources for Training -- Reduction of Respondent Burden -- OBSTACLES TO DATA SHARING -- Concern About the Qualifications of Data Requesters -- National Security Considerations -- Data With Special Problems -- Loss of Control of Data -- Fear and Costs of Criticism -- Poor Communication -- Data Set Inadequacies -- Recognition and Proprietary Concerns of Primary Researchers -- Violations of Confidentiality -- Administrative Inconvenience and Cost -- SUMMARY -- NOTES -- References -- The Role of Legal Polices in Data Sharing -- INTRODUCTION -- ACCESS TO RESEARCH RECORDS MAINTAINED BY A PRIVATE RESEARCHER SUPPORTED BY PRIVATE FUNDS -- Public Benefit as the Basis of Copyright Protection -- Copyright Protection of Research Data Sets -- ACCESS TO RESEARCH RECORDS MAINTAINED BY FEDERAL AGENCIES -- Request for Anonymous Records for Research Purposes-The Freedom of Information Act -- The Trade Secret Exemption -- Other Issues -- The Role of the Privacy Act in Regulating Disclosure of Identifiable Records Maintained by Federal Agencies -- Overview of the Privacy Act.

Restrictions on Research Access to Agency Record Systems by the Privacy Act of 1974 -- Request for Identifiable Information for Research Purposes When an Agency is Unwilling to Disclose -- ACCESS TO RESEARCH RECORDS DEVELOPED WITH PUBLIC FUNDS THAT ARE MAINTAINED BY PRIVATE RESEARCHERS -- Scope of Federal Regulation of Research -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- References -- Professional Codes and Guidelines in Data Sharing -- INTRODUCTION -- INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEES AND ORGANIZATIONS -- Bellagio Principles -- Statements of Government-Related International Organizations -- INFLUENCE OF LAW ON DATA SHARING -- PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES AND ORGANIZATIONS -- American Association for the Advancement of Science Professional Ethics Project -- Guidelines Bearing on Statistical Research and Data Sharing -- Arguments Against Codes -- Specific Data-Sharing Professional Standards and Guidelines -- A Special Case: American Society of Access Professionals -- AGENCY AND INTERAGENCY REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES -- National Science Foundation -- National Institute of Justice -- President's Reorganization Project -- Formal and Informal Agency Policy -- Regulations of Operating Agencies -- PROFESSIONAL JOURNALS AND POLICY ON DATA ACCESS -- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology -- Journal of the American Statistical Association (JASA) -- American Chemical Society Journal Practices -- Journals With No Policy on Data Access -- MONITORING COMPLIANCE WITH CODES -- EVALUATION AND MODIFICATION OF CODES -- NOTES -- References -- Exhibit A The Bellagio Principles.