THE ONGOING CHALLENGE OF MANAGING CARBON MONOXIDE POLLUTION IN FAIRBANKS, ALASKA -- Copyright -- OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY -- Acknowledgment of Review Participants -- Preface -- Contents -- Summary -- THE COMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE -- FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- CO Concentration Trends in Fairbanks -- Health and Exposure -- Health Benefits from Meeting CO Standards -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Exposure During Episodes -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Copollutants -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Meteorological Conditions of Primary Concern -- Findings -- Recommendations -- I/M Programs in the Fairbanks North Star Borough -- Frequency and Exemptions -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Improvements in Emissions Testing -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Remote Sensing -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Ongoing Evaluation of I/M -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Vehicle Plug-ins -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Fuel Sulfur Content -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Oxygenated Fuels -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Traffic Flow and Motorist-Directed Control Strategies -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Improving Ambient Monitoring in the Borough -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Improving Ambient-CO Modeling in the Borough -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Public Education -- Findings -- Recommendations -- OVERALL EVALUATION -- 1 Sources and Effects of Carbon Monoxide Emissions -- THE PROBLEM -- CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE -- HEALTH EFFECTS OF CO -- Clinical and Epidemiological Studies of CO Effects -- CO Exposure -- Related Pollutants -- NATIONAL AIR QUALITY STATUS FOR AMBIENT CO -- Areas in Nonattainment for CO -- METEOROLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY IN CO NONATTAINMENT AREAS -- NATIONAL INVENTORY OF CO EMISSIONS -- CO EMISSIONS FROM VEHICLES -- Vehicle Technologies -- Cold-Start Emissions.

New-Vehicle Certification Programs -- Strategies to Address Emissions-Control Failures -- AIR QUALITY MODELS -- SUMMARY -- 2 Fairbanks Case Study -- GEOGRAPHICAL, METEOROLOGICAL, AND SOCIETAL CONTEXT -- Physical Setting -- Demographics -- CO DATA -- Exceedances in Fairbanks -- Recent CO Trends -- Air Quality Alerts -- Empirical Modeling -- EMISSIONS AND VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS -- CO Inventory and Forecasted Reductions -- Vehicle-Fleet Characteristics -- CO CONTROL PROGRAMS -- Fleet-Turnover Incentives -- In-Use Vehicle Controls -- Fuels Control -- Gasoline Volatility -- Oxygenated Fuels -- Sulfur Content -- I/M Programs -- Methods and Data for Evaluating the I/M Program -- Cold-Start Controls -- Plug-In Strategies -- After-Market Retrofits -- Transportation Control Measures -- Transportation-Demand Management -- Transportation-Supply Improvement -- Public Education and Surveys -- Methods and Data to Quantify Control-Strategy Effects -- Control-Strategy Benefits for Related Pollutants -- Mechanical Vertical Mixing -- SIMPLE BOX MODEL OF THE BOROUGH -- The Data -- The Model -- Results and Discussion -- SUMMARY -- 3 Implications of the Fairbanks Case Study -- PROSPECTS FOR CONTINUED ATTAINMENT -- RELATIONSHIP OF FAIRBANKS CASE STUDY TO OTHER NONATTAINMENT AREAS -- References -- Glossary -- Appendix Biographical Information on the Committee on Carbon Monoxide Episodes in Meteorological and Topographical Problem...