Opportunities in Chemistry -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- WORLD'S LARGEST INDEX -- Chapter I Introduction -- Chapter II Executive Summary -- SOCIETAL BENEFITS FROM CHEMISTRY -- New Processes -- More Energy -- New Materials -- More Food -- Better Health -- Biotechnologies -- Better Environment -- Continued Economic Competitiveness -- Increased National Security -- INTELLECTUAL FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY -- Chemical Kinetics -- Chemical Theory -- Catalysis -- Materials -- Synthesis -- Life Processes -- Analytical Methods -- PRIORITY AREAS IN CHEMISTRY (SEE CH. VII.) -- Recommendation 1 -- EXPLOITING THE OPPORTUNITIES IN CHEMISTRY -- Chemistry in Industry -- Recommendation 2 -- Recommendation 3 -- The Federal Role in Fundamental Research -- Recommendation 4 -- Chemistry and the NSF Mission -- Recommendation 5 -- Chemistry and the Department Of Energy Mission -- Recommendation 6 -- Chemistry and the NIH Mission -- Recommendation 7 -- Chemistry and the Department of Defense Mission -- Recommendation 8 -- Chemistry and the Department of Agriculture Mission -- Recommendation 9 -- Chemistry and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Mission -- Recommendation 10 -- Chemistry in the Environmental Protection Agency -- Recommendation 11 -- Conclusion -- Beauty is Only Skin Deep -- Chapter III Control of Chemical Reactions -- III-A. NEW PROCESSES -- Heterogeneous Catalysis -- Molecular Sieve Synthesis and Catalysis -- Metal Catalysis -- Substitutes for Precious Metal Catalysts -- Conversion Catalysts -- Catalysts to Improve the Quality of Air and Water -- Homogeneous Catalysis -- Activation of Inert Molecules -- Metal Cluster Chemistry -- Stereoselective Catalysts -- Photocatalysis and Electrocatalysis -- Photocatalysis -- Electrocatalysis -- Chemistry at the Solid/Liquid Interface -- Artificial-Enzyme Catalysis.

Controlled Molecular Topography and Designed Catalysts -- Biomimetic Enzymes -- Conclusion -- A LITHIUM-POWERED HEART -- III-B. MORE ENERGY -- Petroleum -- Recovery -- Refining -- Combustion -- Natural Gas -- Coal -- Shale Oil and Tar Sands -- Biomass -- Solar Energy -- Nuclear Energy -- Fusion Energy -- Conclusion -- STONE AGE, IRON AGE, POLYMER AGE -- III-C. NEW PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS -- Plastics and Polymers -- Polymers as Structural Materials -- Liquid Crystals and Polymer Liquid Crystals -- Block Polymers and Self-Organized Solids -- Photoresists and Chemical Etching -- Novel Optical Materials -- Optical Fibers -- Optical Switches -- Novel Electrical Conductors -- Semiconductors -- Conducting Stacks -- Organic Conductors -- Superconductors -- Solid State Ionic Conductors -- And Other Things -- Materials for Extreme Conditions -- New Synthetic Techniques -- Some Examples-Real and Projected -- Conclusion -- THE TIME IT TAKES TO WAG A TAIL -- III-D. INTELLECTUAL FRONTIERS -- Molecular Dynamics -- Fast Chemical Processes in Real Time -- Energy Transfer and Movement -- State-To-State Chemistry -- Multiphoton and Multiple Photon Excitation -- Mode-Selective Chemistry -- Ab Initio Calculations of Reaction Surfaces -- Theory of Reactions -- New Reaction Pathways -- Organic Chemistry -- Inorganic Chemistry -- Selective Pathways in Organic Synthesis -- Crossing Inorganic/Organic Boundaries -- Pathways Using Light as a Reagent -- Novel Solids -- III-E. INSTRUMENTATION -- Lasers -- Developments in the Last Decade -- Developments to Come -- Costs and Applications -- Computers -- Superminicomputers -- Mainframe and Supercomputers -- Costs -- Molecular Beams -- Capabilities -- Costs -- Synchrotron Light Sources -- Existing Characteristics of Synchrotron Sources -- Applications of Synchrotron Sources in Chemistry -- Synchrotron Radiation Costs.

Free Electron Lasers -- Potential Capabilities -- Possible Costs -- WHIPPING A WICKED WEED -- Chapter IV Dealing with Molecular Complexity -- IV-A. MORE FOOD -- Plant Hormones and Growth Regulators -- Indoleacetic Acid (IAA), an Auxin (1) -- Gibberelic Acid (Ga) (2) -- Cytokinins (3) -- Absicic Acid (ABA) (4) -- Ethylene (5) -- Strigol (1972) (6) -- Haustorium-Inducing Factor, Soyasapogenol-B (1983) (7) -- Lunularic Acid (LNA) and Prelna (1983) (8) and (9) -- G2 Factor Or Trigonelline (1978) (10) -- Glycinoeclepin A (1984) (11) -- Insect Hormones And Growth Regulators -- Molting Hormones (MH) -- Juvenile Hormone (JH) -- Anti-Juvenile Hormones -- Peptide Hormones -- Natural Defense Compounds: Antifeedants -- Insect Pheromones -- Pesticides -- Insecticides -- Herbicides -- Fungicides -- Special Techniques -- Fixation of Nitrogen and Photosynthesis -- Nitrogen Fixation -- Photosynthesis -- Food From The Sea -- Isolation and Characterization Techniques of Bioactive Molecules -- Conclusion -- RX-SNAKE BITE -- IV-B. BETTER HEALTH -- Introduction -- Notable Scientific Advances During the Last 15 Years -- Antibiotic Research -- Cardiovascular Disease -- Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System (CNS) -- Diabetes -- Cancer Research -- Gastrointestinal Drugs -- Inflammatory and Immunological Diseases and Defense Systems -- Advances in Fertility Control and Fertility Induction -- Vitamins -- Conclusion -- A PAC-MAN FOR CHOLESTEROL -- IV-C. BIOTECHNOLOGIES -- Introduction -- Recombinant DNA Technologies -- Biotechnology Applied to Medicine -- Bioengineering -- Biocatalysis -- Conclusion -- JACK AND THE SOYBEAN STALK -- IV-D. INTELLECTUAL FRONTIERS -- Synthesis and Biosynthesis -- Chemical Synthesis: Research and Discovery Horizons -- Synthesis of Natural Products -- Biosynthesis of Natural Products -- The Chemical Synthesis of DNA.

Structures of Macromolecules -- Protein and Peptide Conformation -- Structural Studies on Dihydrofolate Reductases and their Inhibitors -- Frontiers in the Chemistry of Genetic Material -- Structure and Function in Biochemistry -- Gene Structure and RNA Splicing -- Mechanism of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Splicing -- Applications Of Oncogenes To The Diagnosis, Therapy, And Prevention Of Human Cancer -- IV-E. INSTRUMENTATION -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) -- Capabilities -- Costs -- Mass Spectrometry -- Applicability -- Sensitivity and Selectivity -- Costs -- X-Ray Diffraction -- Applications -- Costs -- Neutron Diffraction -- Applications -- Costs -- Electron Spin Resonance -- Applicability -- Costs -- Chapter V Chemistry and National Well-Being -- V-A. BETTER ENVIRONMENT -- Turning Detection into Protection -- Ozone in the Stratosphere -- Reducing Acid Rain -- Guarding Against Climate Change: The Greenhouse Effect -- Cleaner Water and Safe Disposal Of Wastes -- Radioactive Waste Management -- V-B. CONTINUED ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS -- Introduction -- Past Successes and Recent Trends -- Energy and Feedstocks -- Renewing Our Industries -- New Horizons -- Biotechnology -- High-Technology Ceramics -- Advanced Composites and Engineering Plastics -- Photoimaging -- Microlectronic Devices -- Analytical Instrumentation -- Molecular-Scale Computers -- Conclusion -- V-C. INCREASED NATIONAL SECURITY -- Strategic and Critical Materials -- Surface Chemistry -- Synthesis and Properties of New Solid State Materials -- Catalysis -- Separations Chemistry -- Surveillance and Intelligence -- Case History: Theoretical Chemistry and Rocket Surveillance -- Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons -- Nuclear Reactors -- Tritium Production -- Actinide Chemistry -- Laser Isotope Separation -- Radiochemical Detection -- Processing and Reprocessing.

High-Speed Chemistry: Explosives and Fuels -- Detonation Chemistry -- Synthesis of New, Tailored Explosives -- Chemical Kinetics of Combustion -- Containment or Treatment of Hot Combustion Products -- Enhanced Diagnostic Techniques -- Modeling of Turbulent Combustion Systems -- Chemical and Biological Defense -- Chemical and Biological Agent Detection -- Protection -- New Frontiers in Defense -- Conclusion -- LIBRARIES INTO SPACE -- V-D. INTELLECTUAL FRONTIERS -- Chemistry at Solid Surfaces -- The Structure of Solid Surfaces -- Adsorbed Molecules: Chemical Bonding at the Surface -- Co-Adsorption on Surfaces -- Energy Transfer During Gas-Surface Collisions -- Surface Electrical Properties -- Novel Spectroscopic Technologies -- Condensed Phase Studies -- Optical and Electronic Properties Of Solids -- Liquids -- Critical Phenomena -- Chemistry of the Earth and Extraterrestrial Materials -- Analytical Chemistry -- Analytical Separations -- Optical Spectroscopy -- Mass Spectrometry -- Large Molecules Vital to Biomedicine And Industry -- Instrumentation -- Combined ("Hyphenated") Techniques -- Surface Analysis -- Electroanalytical Chemistry -- Computers in Analytical Chemistry -- Separations Sciences -- Nuclear Chemistry -- Studies of Nuclei and their Properties -- Nuclear Reactions -- Space Exploration -- Isotopic Anomalies -- Solar Neutrino Experiments -- Nuclear Chemistry in Medicine -- V-E. INSTRUMENTATION -- Surface Science Instrumentation -- Instruments for the Study Of Surfaces -- Instrument Developments Needed -- Costs -- Surface Analysis -- Applicability -- Developments Needed -- Costs -- Chromatography -- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- Capillary Chromatography -- Field-Flow Fractionation (FFF) -- Costs -- Infrared Spectroscopy -- Computer-Aided Spectrometers -- Applications -- Costs -- Other Instrumentation.

Chapter VI Manpower and Education.