Directions in Engineering Research -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- ENGINEERING RESEARCH BOARD -- PANEL ON BIOENGINEERING SYSTEMS RESEARCH -- PANEL ON CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN SYSTEMS RESEARCH -- PANEL ON ENERGY, MINERAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH -- PANEL ON INFORMATION, COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTATION, AND CONTROL SYSTEMS RESEARCH -- PANEL ON MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS RESEARCH -- PANEL ON MATERIALS SYSTEMS RESEARCH -- PANEL ON TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH -- Preface -- ENGINEERING RESEARCH BOARD -- PANEL ON BIOENGINEERING SYSTEMS RESEARCH -- Contents -- Directions in Engineering Research: An Assessment of Opportunities and Needs -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- Introduction and Background -- The Nature of Engineering Research -- Funding Outlook -- Human Resources -- Institutional Considerations -- Recommendations -- Key Research Opportunities and Needs -- Conclusion -- INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND -- What is Engineering Research? -- What is the Value of Engineering Research to Society? -- Past Accomplishments -- Future Possibilities -- Why is Engineering Research Essential? -- What is the Current Status of Engineering Research? -- KEY ENGINEERING RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES -- The ''Systems" Context -- Criteria For Selecting Research Needs -- Selected Research Areas -- Bioengineering Systems -- Construction and Structural Design Systems -- Energy, Mineral, And Environmental Systems -- Information, Communications, Computation, and Control Systems -- Manufacturing Systems -- Materials Systems -- Transportation Systems -- Cross-Cutting Research Needs -- Computers -- Modeling and Simulation -- Systems Integration -- Processes and Processing -- ISSUES THAT DETERMINE THE HEALTH OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH -- Summaries: The Health of the Selected Fields -- Bioengineering -- Construction and Structural Design -- Energy, Minerals, and the Environment.

Information, Communications, Computation, and Control -- Manufacturing -- Materials -- Transportation -- Funding Issues -- Support for R&D -- Support for Engineering Research -- The NSF's Role -- Factors Affecting Support -- Research Facilities -- Adequacy of Personnel Resources -- Ph.D. Production -- Faculty -- POLICY ISSUES REGARDING SUPPORT OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH -- Federal Government Policies -- Basis for Federal Support of Research -- Need for Stability -- Need for Better Coordination -- Mission Orientation and Overmanagement -- Importance of the Individual Project Grant -- Role of the Federal and National Laboratories -- The DOD: Policies Toward Research -- Encouragement of Research in Industry -- University Policies -- Encouraging Faculty Flexibility -- Junior Faculty -- Senior Faculty -- Cross-Disciplinary Research and Education -- Maximizing the Use of Facilities -- Policies Toward Graduate Study -- Attracting High-Quality Students -- New Programs -- Policy Issues for Industry -- Increased Support of Fundamental Research -- Professional Development -- Cooperation -- Improving Interaction Among the Sectors -- REFERENCES -- Bioengineering Systems Research in the United States: An Overview -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- Recommendations -- INTRODUCTION -- Rationale for a Study -- Scope of the Study -- Background -- ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT OR EMERGING AREAS OF BIOENGINEERING SYSTEMS RESEARCH -- Biomedical Engineering -- Systems Physiology and Modeling -- Neural Prostheses for Human Rehabilitation -- Biomechanics -- Biomaterials -- Biosensors -- Metabolic Imaging -- Minimally Invasive Medical Procedures -- Artificial Organs -- Biochemical Engineering -- Biocatalysis/Bioreactors -- Separation and Purification -- Bioprocess Instrumentation and Control -- ISSUES DETERMINING THE HEALTH OF THE FIELD -- Impact of Federal Policy -- NSF Support -- NIH Support.

The National Academies -- Changing Emphasis in Funding -- Industry Involvement -- Biotechnology -- Biomedical Engineering -- Bioengineering in Other Countries -- Availability of Bioengineering Research Manpower in the United States -- Biomedical Engineering -- Biochemical Engineering -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX RESPONSES TO THE ENGINEERING RESEARCH BOARD'S REQUEST FOR ASSISTANCE FROM UNIVERSITIES, PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES, AND… -- Construction and Structural Design Systems Research in the United States: An Overview -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND -- POLICY ISSUES REGARDING FEDERAL SUPPORT OF RESEARCH -- ISSUES THAT DETERMINE THE HEALTH OF THE FIELD -- The Adequacy of New Research Talent -- Factors Affecting Research Support -- The Nature of the Product -- The Discipline's Status at Universities -- Industry Sponsorship of Research -- Attitudes of Practitioners and of the Public -- Perception of a Permanent U.S. Market Dominance -- ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT AREAS OF CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN SYSTEMS RESEARCH -- Construction Robotics -- Computer-Aided Design -- Nonlinear Behavior and Analysis -- Proportioning of Elements of Structural Systems -- Coordination of Analysis and Experiment -- Realism in Design Analysis -- Interactive Computer Graphics -- Fabrication -- Synthesis of Alternatives -- Rapid Excavation -- Mixed Construction -- Marine Construction -- APPENDIX RESPONSES TO THE ENGINEERING RESEARCH BOARD'S REQUEST FOR ASSISTANCE FROM UNIVERSITIES, PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES, AND… -- Energy, Mineral, and Environmental Systems Research in the United States: An Overview -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- Background -- Scope -- POLICY ISSUES -- Basis for Federal Policies on the Support of Research -- Need for Long-Term Continuity in Support of Research -- Rethinking Roles.

ISSUES DETERMINING THE HEALTH OF ENERGY, MINERAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH -- Funding Trends -- Energy -- Environment -- Mineral Resources -- Overview -- Human Resources -- RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES -- Environment -- Combustion -- Microbial Transformation -- Assimilative Capacity of the Global Environment -- Sensors and Measurement Methods -- Energy -- Alternative Fossil Fuel Sources and Technology -- Solar Energy -- Improved Petroleum Production Systems -- Improving the Nuclear Option -- Integrated Environmental Control Systems -- Efficient Use of Energy -- Fuel Quality -- Extending Plant Lifetimes -- Energy Storage -- Mineral Resources -- Sensors -- Systems Analysis and Control -- In-Situ Leaching and Burning -- Colloidal and Biological Processes -- Size Reduction Methods -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX RESPONSES TO THE ENGINEERING RESEARCH BOARD'S REQUEST FOR ASSISTANCE FROM UNIVERSITIES, PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES, AND… -- Research Needs -- Policy and Health Issues -- Information, Communication, Computation, and Control Systems Research in the United States: An Overview -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- Recommendations -- INTRODUCTION -- RESEARCH NEEDS-THE MOST IMPORTANT AREAS OF INFORMATION, COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTATION, AND CONTROL SYSTEMS RESEARCH -- Hardware Elements -- Computer Devices -- Integrated Circuits -- High-Density Structures and Fabrication -- Packaging and Interconnection Technology -- Magnetic and Optical Storage -- Hardware and Subsystem Testing -- Communications -- Sensors for Control of Systems -- System Architecture, Algorithms, and Software -- Communications -- Computer Software -- Parallel Computation -- Special Purpose Parallel Architectures -- Parallel Architectures for Numerical Computation -- General Purpose Parallel Architectures -- Man-Machine Interactions and Artificial Intelligence -- Rule-Based Expert Systems.

Knowledge-Based Systems -- Natural Language Understanding -- Robotics and Automation -- Control Systems -- POLICY ISSUES ON FEDERAL SUPPORT OF RESEARCH -- Scope -- Issues -- The NSF'S Role in Support of Academic Research in IC3 Systems Engineering -- The DOD's Role -- Recommendation -- The Federal Role in Encouraging Research in Industry -- Recommendation -- Industry-University Cooperation -- Recommendations -- THE HEALTH OF THE FIELD: AN ASSESSMENT -- The Health of the Educational System -- Faculty -- Recommendations -- Equipment and Facilities -- Recommendation -- Cross-Disciplinary Research -- Recommendation -- Human Resources: Adequacy of New Talent -- The B.S. and M.S. -- The Ph.D. -- Recommendation -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX RESPONSES TO THE ENGINEERING RESEARCH BOARD'S REQUEST FOR ASSISTANCE FROM UNIVERSITIES, PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES, AND… -- Manufacturing Systems Research in the United States: An Overview -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND -- THE MANUFACTURING RESEARCH AGENDA -- Systems Integration -- Modeling, Simulation, Control, Networks -- Unit Processes -- ISSUES THAT DETERMINE THE HEALTH OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS RESEARCH -- Government Support of Manufacturing Systems Research -- Problems in Manufacturing Engineering -- Formation of Research Consortia: A High-Priority Need -- ASSESSMENT OF THE ADEQUACY OF NEW TALENT -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Bibliography -- APPENDIX RESPONSES TO THE ENGINEERING RESEARCH BOARD'S REQUEST FOR ASSISTANCE FROM UNIVERSITIES, PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES, AND… -- Materials Systems Research in the United States: An Overview -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND -- Introduction -- The Need -- Scope of the Report -- Background -- ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT OR EMERGING AREAS OF MATERIALS SYSTEMS RESEARCH -- Rationale for Selection -- Emerging Research Areas -- Material for Specific End Uses.

Advanced Ceramics.