Risking The Future -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Summary -- PRIORITIES FOR POLICIES AND PROGRAMS -- Goal 1: Reduce the Rate and Incidence of Unintended Pregnancy Among Adolescents, Especially Among School-Age Teenagers -- Goal 2: Provide Alternatives to Adolescent Childbearing and Parenting -- Goal 3: Promote Positive Social, Economic, Health, and Developmental Outcomes for Adolescent Parents and Their Children -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DATA COLLECTION AND RESEARCH -- Program Evaluation Research -- Data Collection -- Research on Adolescent Sexual and Fertility Behavior -- Experimentation -- 1 Introduction -- THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM -- THE SEARCH FOR SOLUTIONS -- PUBLIC POLICIES TOWARD ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY AND CHILDBEARING -- THE CHARGE TO THE PANEL -- A CONTEXTUAL FRAMEWORK -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- 2 Trends in Adolescent Sexuality and Fertility -- ADOLESCENTS IN THE UNITED STATES -- Marriage -- Schooling -- Employment -- THE POPULATION AT RISK OF PREGNANCY -- Fecundity -- Sexual Activity -- Contraceptive Use -- Estimating the Population at Risk of Pregnancy -- PREGNANCY AND ITS RESOLUTION -- Pregnancy -- Births -- Abortion -- Marriage Before Childbearing (Legitimation) -- Adoption -- Nonmarital Childbearing -- Future Projections -- DATA ISSUES -- Surveys -- Record Systems -- Data From Service Programs -- CONCLUSIONS -- 3 The Societal Context -- FAMILY CHANGES -- Family Structure -- Patterns of Marriage -- Patterns of Women's Employment and Unemployment -- Family Income -- SOCIETAL CHANGES -- Poverty Status -- Women's Roles and Norms of Sexual Behavior -- Youth Culture -- Technological Change: Television -- CONCLUSION -- 4 Determinants of Adolescent Sexual Behavior and Decision Making -- DETERMINANTS OF ADOLESCENT SEXUAL ACTIVITY -- Individual Characteristics -- Family Characteristics -- Peer Group Influence.

DETERMINANTS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE -- Age at Initiation -- Nature of the Relationship -- Academic Aspirations and Achievement -- Knowledge of Reproduction and Contraception -- Acceptance of One's Own Sexuality and Attitude About Contraception -- Developmental Characteristics -- Parental Support and Controls -- DETERMINANTS OF ABORTION -- Unintendedness -- Academic Aspirations and Achievement -- Contraceptive Use -- Family Characteristics -- Peer Influences -- Access to Abortion Services -- DETERMINANTS OF MARRIAGE BEFORE CHILDBEARING (LEGITIMATION) -- Race and Socioeconomic Status -- Age -- Availability of Financial Assistance -- DETERMINANTS OF ADOPTION -- DETERMINANTS OF NONMARITAL CHILDBEARING -- Race -- Attitudes Toward Nonmarital Childbearing -- Poverty and Unemployment -- Availability of Financial Assistance -- CONCLUSION -- 5 Consequences of Adolescent Childbearing -- HEALTH RISKS AND OUTCOMES -- EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT -- FAMILY STRUCTURE AND FAMILY SIZE -- WORK STATUS AND INCOME -- POVERTY AND FINANCIAL DEPENDENCE -- OUTCOMES FOR CHILDREN OF TEENAGE MOTHERS -- CONCLUSION -- 6 Preventive Interventions -- PROGRAMS THAT IMPART KNOWLEDGE AND/OR INFLUENCE ATTITUDES -- Sex Education and Family Life Education -- Assertiveness and Decision-Making Training -- Family Communication Programs -- Teenage Theatre -- Media Approaches -- PROGRAMS THAT PROVIDE ACCESS TO CONTRACEPTION -- Contraceptive Services -- Condom Distribution Programs -- School-Based Clinics -- Pregnancy Testing and Counseling -- Hot Lines -- PROGRAMS THAT ENHANCE LIFE OPTIONS -- Programs to Improve Life Planning -- Role Model and Mentoring Programs -- Programs to Improve School Performance -- Youth Employment Programs -- Comprehensive Community-Based Prevention Programs -- COALITIONS AND INTEREST GROUPS -- MEASURING THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF PREVENTION PROGRAMS -- CONCLUSION.

7 Interventions for Pregnant and Parenting Adolescents -- ABORTION SERVICES -- PROGRAMS THAT PROVIDE HEALTH CARE SERVICES -- Prenatal Care and Delivery -- Nutritional Services -- Pediatric Care -- Family Planning and Reproductive Health Services -- PROGRAMS THAT PROVIDE ECONOMIC SUPPORT -- Aid to Families With Dependent Children -- Child Support Enforcement -- PROGRAMS THAT ENHANCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILDREN OF ADOLESCENT MOTHERS -- Child Care Programs -- Parenting Education -- Parenthood Programs for Young Men -- Emergency Services -- PROGRAMS THAT ENHANCE LIFE OPTIONS FOR ADOLESCENT PARENTS -- Programs to Improve Life Planning -- Life Skills Training -- Alternative Schools -- Employment Programs -- Family Care Programs -- Role Models and Mentoring Programs -- Comprehensive Care Programs -- Adoption Services -- CONCLUSION -- 8 Priorities for Data Collection and Research -- PRIORITIES FOR DATA COLLECTION -- Large-Scale Surveys -- National and State-Level Reporting Systems -- Data From Service Providers -- PRIORITIES FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENT SEXUAL AND FERTILITY BEHAVIOR -- Individuals -- Families -- Communities -- Society -- PRIORITIES FOR PROGRAM EVALUATION RESEARCH -- Outcome Versus Process Evaluation -- Outcome Measures -- Sampling and Control Groups -- Intervening Variables -- Units of Analysis -- Cost Data -- Time Frames -- Financial and Technical Assistance -- PRIORITIES FOR EXPERIMENTATION -- 9 Priorities for Policies and Programs -- PRIORITIES FOR POLICIES AND PROGRAMS -- Goal 1: Reduce the Rate and Incidence of Unintended Pregnancy Among Adolescents, Especially Among School-Age Teenagers -- Goal 2: Provide Alternatives to Adolescent Childbearing and Parenting -- Goal 3: Promote Positive Social, Economic, Health, and Developmental Outcomes for Adolescent Parents and Their Children -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Index.