Computer Chips and Paper Clips -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- CONTENTS, VOLUME I -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PART I OVERVIEW -- Technology, Women, and Work: Policy Perspectives -- THE CHANGING ROLE OF AMERICAN WOMEN -- OBSERVATIONS ON CHANGING TECHNOLOGY -- POLICY PERSPECTIVES -- Framing the Issues -- Are Women Workers at Risk? -- Banking and Finance -- Hospitals and Health Care -- POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS -- Full Employment -- Continued R&D -- Strengthened Education and Retraining -- A National Jobs and Education Program -- Continued EEO Enforcement -- Child Care -- A CONCLUDING NOTE -- References -- PART II CASE STUDIES OF WOMEN WORKERS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -- The Technological Transformation of White-Collar Work: A Case Study of the Insurance Industry -- THE PACE OF DIFFUSION AND THE NEW IMPLEMENTATIONS -- Underwriting and Claims Support Systems -- Administrative/Clerical, Decision Support, and Agency Systems -- EFFECTS OF AUTOMATION ON THE SIZE AND COMPOSITION OF THE WORK FORCE -- CHANGES IN THE NATURE OF WORK: THE VIEW FROM THE SHOP FLOOR -- WOMEN AND MINORITY WORKERS -- Effects of Automation on the Female Work Force -- Effects of Automation on Minority Workers -- CONCLUSION -- References -- "Machines Instead of Clerks": Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950 -- SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT, THE COST ACCOUNTING REVOLUTION, AND THE ACCOUNTANT -- OFFICE MACHINES AND THEIR HISTORY -- MECHANIZATION, FEMINIZATION, AND SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT -- WOMEN OFFICE WORKERS: HOW MANY IN WHAT JOBS? -- STRATIFICATION IN THE OFFICE -- Marital Status, Class, and Race and Ethnicity -- Wages and Clerical Work -- References -- New Technology and Office Tradition: The Not-So-Changing World of the Secretary -- THE NEW TECHNOLOGY AND THE SECRETARY -- PATRIMONY IN TRADITIONAL SECRETARIAL WORK -- Traditional Secretarial Tasks.

Rewards and Career Mobility -- CHANGES IN THE SUPPLY OF WOMEN TO SECRETARIAL JOBS: RISING EXPECTATIONS AND DECLINING SATISFACTION -- THE NEW OFFICE ENVIRONMENT -- Word Processing: The Core Technology -- Secretarial Sharing and Minipools: New Staffing Ratios in the Automated Office -- The Shared Secretary -- The Minipool Secretary -- THE PERSISTENCE OF PATRIMONY IN THE NEW OFFICE -- The New Tasks -- Career Opportunities -- Compensation and Skills -- Wages and Upskilling -- Other Variables Affecting Change -- Office Size -- Industrial Variation -- Resources and Wealth of Office -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Integrated Circuits/Segregated Labor: Women in Computer-Related Occupations and High-Tech Industries -- COMPUTER-RELATED OCCUPATIONS -- Descriptions of Occupations -- Engineers -- Computer Specialists -- Engineering and Science Technicians -- Computer Operators -- Data-Entry Operators -- Production Workers -- GENDER SEGREGATION -- Computer-Related Occupations -- Gender, Race, and Ethnic Distribution in Four Computer-Related Occupations -- High-Tech Industries -- ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE EARNINGS OF WOMEN AND MEN IN THREE COMPUTER-RELATED OCCUPATIONS -- Uncorrected Earnings Differentials -- Earnings Regressions -- A Closer Look at Earnings and Employment Differences by Industry -- CONCLUSIONS -- Findings -- Discussion -- References -- APPENDIX A INDUSTRIES WITHIN MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUPS, BY HIGH-TECH AND NON-HIGH-TECH CATEGORIES -- HIGH-TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY GROUPS (HIGH TECH) -- Durable Manufacturing -- Nondurable Manufacturing -- Business and Repair Services -- NON-HIGH-TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY GROUPS (NON-HIGH-TECH) -- Durable Manufacturing -- Nondurable Manufacturing -- Business and Repair Services -- Agriculture, Forestry, And Fisheries -- Mining -- Construction -- Transportation, Communication, And Public Utilities -- Wholesale Trade -- Retail Trade.

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate -- Professional and Other Services -- Public Administration -- Appendix B Computer-Related Occupations -- PART III TECHNOLOGY AND TRENDS IN WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT -- Women's Employment and Technological Change: A Historical Perspective -- TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND EMPLOYMENT: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK -- TRENDS IN FEMALE EMPLOYMENT: 1800 TO 1980 -- TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY AND FEMALE EMPLOYMENT -- Technical Change and Female Intensity -- Education and the Changing Employment of Women -- Changes in Work Organization -- Relative Earnings of Females to Males, 1815 to 1982 -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- Recent Trends in Clerical Employment: The Impact of Technological Change -- THE GROWTH OF CLERICAL AND FEMALE EMPLOYMENT -- A CLOSER LOOK AT CLERICAL EMPLOYMENT TRENDS -- Employment from 1950 to 1980, Decennial Census Data -- Annual Employment Changes, Current Population Survey Data -- DETERMINANTS OF CLERICAL EMPLOYMENT -- Clerical Employment by Industry -- Technological Change and Clerical Employment Growth -- Decomposition of Clerical Employment Changes -- Conclusion -- A LOOK TOWARD THE FUTURE -- References -- Bibliography -- Restructuring Work: Temporary, Part-Time, and At-Home Employment -- THE TRANSFORMATION OF LABOR MARKETS -- Technology and Internal Labor Markets -- Poised for Contraction -- Implications for Women Workers -- TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT -- Forces Driving the Growth of Temporary Work -- Revenue and Employment Growth -- Implications for Women Workers -- Relationship to New Technology -- PART-TIME WORK -- Trends in Part-Time Employment -- Part-Time Employment in Industries and Occupations Affected by New Technologies -- Hours of Work of Part-Time Employees -- MULTIPLE JOBHOLDING -- AT-HOME WORK -- Distinctions between Clerical and Professional At-Home Work -- Advantages of Teleworking.

The Future of Home Work -- CONCLUSION -- References -- PART IV POLICY PERSPECTIVES -- Employer Policies to Enhance the Application of Office System Technology to Clerical Work -- SCOPE AND FOCUS -- OFFICE AUTOMATION AND WOMEN'S ISSUES-EVIDENCE FROM CASE STUDIES -- Varied Application -- Importance of Overall Human Resource Policy -- Significant Differences Among Women -- Positive Perceptions of Office Automation -- Problems of Office Technology Implementation -- Job Reorganization -- Women's Labor-Force Experience -- Role of Popular Opinion and Activism -- Variations at the Job-Type Level -- Managerial Responses to Women's Issues -- Phases in Office Automation Implementation -- GOOD MANAGEMENT POLICIES AFFECTING CLERICAL WORKERS: THE GRAPHIC-A REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLE -- ELEMENTS OF GOOD USER PRACTICE -- A Checklist of Good User Policies -- Job Satisfaction among Women Clericals at The Graphic -- EXPLOITIVE OR DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT OF WOMEN CLERICALS -- THE CENTRAL ROLE OF MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY: "GREAT NORTHERN" AND "NATIONAL SERVICES" -- Two Companies, Two Pathways -- RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS -- THE FUTURE OF GOOD USER POLICIES -- References -- New Office and Business Technologies: The Structure of Education and (Re)Training Opportunities -- THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAINING FOR WOMEN -- EMPLOYER-PROVIDED EDUCATION AND (RE)TRAINING PROGRAMS -- In-House Programs -- Contracts with Postsecondary Educational Institutions -- Tuition Assistance Programs -- Union-Negotiated (Re)Training Programs -- Summary -- EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS -- Noncollegiate Postsecondary Schools -- Two-Year Colleges -- Four-Year Colleges and Universities -- Professional Associations -- GOVERNMENT AGENCIES -- Public School Systems -- Local Community Programs -- Federal Employment and Training Programs -- IN SEARCH OF TECHNOLOGICAL TRAINING EQUITY -- Information Gaps -- Education Policy.

Employer Responsibilities -- A Continuing Educational System -- References -- The New Technology and the New Economy: Some Implications for Equal Employment Opportunity -- TECHNOLOGY AND DISCRIMINATION: EVIDENCE FROM AGGREGATE DATA FOR 1970-1980 -- THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMY AND CHANGES IN THE DEMAND FOR LABOR -- The Rise of the New Service Economy and its Impact on the Industry-Occupation Structure -- The Early Years of EEO: Opening Internal Labor Markets to Women and Minority Workers -- The Postwar Expansion of Schooling and Higher Education and its Impact on Hiring Requirements and Mobility Ladders -- The Impact of the New Technology on Skill Requirements and the Acceleration of Changes in Hiring and Mobility Opportunities -- Technological Change and Increasing Institutional and Geographical Mobility -- THE SHIFTING NATURE OF DISCRIMINATION -- The Reorganization of Back-Office Employment -- The Transformation of Retail Employment -- POLICY IMPLICATIONS -- References -- Managing Technological Change: Responses of Government, Employers, and Trade Unions in Western Europe and Canada -- NEW TECHNOLOGY IN THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CLIMATE -- THE MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE -- The Role of Governments -- The Role of Employers and Trade Unions -- POLICY ISSUES -- Job Design -- Changing Locations and Changing Hours of Work -- Part-Time Work and Job Sharing -- Reductions in the Length of People's Working Lives -- Longer Leisure Blocks and Redistribution of Working Time -- Reductions in Working Time for Everyone -- Training and Education -- Government, Employer, and Union Responsibilities for Training and Education -- Public Awareness -- Schools -- Vocational Training -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Biographical Sketches of Contributors.