Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- I INTRODUCTION -- 1 Introduction -- Reference -- 2 How to Use this Guide -- II COURSE MODULES -- 1 Core Module -- INTRODUCTION -- OUTLINE FOR THE CORE MODULE -- Laws, Regulations, and Policies that Impact on the Care and Use of Animals -- Ethical and Scientific Issues -- Alternatives -- Responsibilities of the Institution, the Animal Care and Use Committee, and the Research and Veterinary Staffs -- Pain and Distress -- Anesthetics, Analgesics, Tranquilizers, and Neuromuscular Blocking Agents -- Survival Surgery and Postsurgical Care -- Euthanasia -- Husbandry, Care, and the Importance of the Environment -- Resources -- 2 Species-Specific Module -- INTRODUCTION -- OUTLINE FOR THE SPECIES-SPECIFIC MODULE -- Selection and Procurement of Animals -- Husbandry and Care -- Handling and Restraint -- Identification and Records -- Animal Health -- Safety and Health Considerations (Zoonoses) -- Specific Techniques -- Euthanasia -- Skill Building -- 3 Pain-Management Module -- INTRODUCTION -- OUTLINE FOR THE PAIN-MANAGEMENT MODULE -- Definitions, Mechanisms, and Assessment -- Legal and Ethical Obligations -- Alleviation of Pain or Distress -- Anesthesia -- Euthanasia -- Skill Building -- 4 Surgery Module -- INTRODUCTION -- OUTLINE FOR THE SURGERY MODULE -- Definitions -- Legal Requirements for Survival Surgery -- Aseptic Technique -- Selection and Administration of Anesthetic -- Surgical Complications -- Surgical Techniques -- Postsurgical Care -- Medical Records -- Terminal Surgeries -- Skill Building -- III CONTENT OUTLINES -- Introduction -- 1 Laws, Regulations, and Policies That Impact on the Care and Use of Animals -- 1.1 FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND POLICIES AFFECTING THE CARE AND USE OF ANIMALS IN RESEARCH, TESTING, AND EDUCATION.

1.2 SELECTED REQUIREMENTS OF AWRS AND PHS POLICY -- 1.3 STATE AND LOCAL REGULATIONS AFFECTING THE CARE AND USE OF ANIMALS IN RESEARCH, TESTING, AND EDUCATION… -- 1.4 INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES AFFECTING THE CARE AND USE OF ANIMALS IN RESEARCH, TESTING, AND EDUCATION -- REFERENCES -- 2 Ethical and Scientific Issues -- 2.1 DEFINITIONS -- 2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ETHICAL DECISIONS (ROBB, 1989) -- 2.3 ARGUMENTS USED BY THOSE ADVOCATING THE HUMANE USE OF ANIMALS FOR HUMAN PURPOSES (CAPLAN, 1984) -- 2.4 ARGUMENTS USED BY ANIMAL-RIGHTS ADVOCATES (SINGER, 1975 -- REGAN, 1983) -- 2.5 THE ROLE OF LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND POLICIES -- 2.6 SUGGESTED ETHICAL PRINCIPLES (SEE U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINCIPLES FOR THE UTILIZATION AND CARE OF VERTEBRATE ANIMALS USED IN… -- REFERENCES -- 3 Alternatives -- 3.1 DEFINITIONS -- 3.2 RATIONALE FOR CONSIDERING ALTERNATIVES -- 3.3 NONANIMAL RESEARCH METHODS AND MODELS -- 3.4 FACTORS INFLUENCING MODEL SELECTION -- 3.5 UTILIZATION OF SERVICES -- REFERENCES -- 4 Responsibilities of the Institution, the Animal Care and Use Committee, and the Research and Veterinary Staffs -- 4.1 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INSTITUTION -- 4.2 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE (IACUC) -- 4.3 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INVESTIGATOR (THE TERM INVESTIGATOR IS USED BROADLY TO DESIGNATE THOSE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE… -- 4.4 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ATTENDING VETERINARIAN (SEE 9 CFR 2.33) -- REFERENCES -- 5 Pain and Distress -- 5.1 DEFINITIONS -- 5.2 CATEGORIES OF PAIN (AVMA, 1986) -- 5.3 PAIN PERCEPTION -- 5.4 ASSESSMENT OF PAIN (AVMA, 1986) -- 5.5 STRESS (NRC, IN PRESS) -- 5.6 DISTRESS (NRC, IN PRESS) -- 5.7 ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS -- 5.8 LEGAL OBLIGATIONS (OVERSEEN BY THE INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE) -- 5.9 ADEQUATE VETERINARY CARE -- REFERENCES -- 6 Anesthetics, Tranquilizers, Analgescis, and Neuromuscular Blocking Agents.

6.1 GENERAL ANESTHETICS (LUMB AND JONES, 1984) -- 6.2 TRANQUILIZERS AND SEDATIVES (GLEED, 1987) -- 6.3 Analgesics -- 6.4 NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS (PARALYTICS OR IMMOBILIZING AGENTS) -- 6.5 FACTORS MODIFYING THE EFFECTS OF TRANQUILIZERS, ANALGESICS, AND NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS -- 6.6 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS -- 6.7 RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS -- 6.8 FUNCTIONS OF THE ATTENDING VETERINARIAN IN PAIN MANAGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- 7 Survival Surgery and Postsurgical Care -- 7.1 DEFINITIONS -- 7.2 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS (9 CFR 2.31 -- PHS, 1986) -- 7.3 PREPARATION FOR SURGERY -- 7.4 ANESTHESIA (SEE SECTION 6.1) -- 7.5 SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS -- 7.6 INCISIONS -- 7.7 POSTSURGICAL CARE -- 7.8 EQUIPMENT: TYPE NEEDED TO PROPERLY SUPPORT SURGICAL PROCEDURES IS DEPENDENT ON A NUMBER OF VARIABLES, INCLUDING THE… -- 7.9 RECORDKEEPING -- REFERENCES -- 8 Euthanasia -- 8.1 DEFINITION -- 8.2 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS -- 8.3 ETHICAL AND HUMANE CONSIDERATIONS -- 8.4 HUMAN CONSIDERATIONS -- 8.5 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF METHOD OF EUTHANASIA -- 8.6 Pharmacologic Methods -- 8.7 PHYSICAL METHODS -- 8.8 Carcass Disposal -- REFERENCES -- 9 Husbandry, Care, and the Importance of the Environment -- 9.1 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HUSBANDRY AND CARE -- 9.2 IMPORTANCE OF PROPER HUSBANDRY AND A STABLE ENVIRONMENT -- 9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES THAT CAN BE CONTROLLED -- 9.4 DEALING WITH EMERGENCIES (E.G., POWER FAILURE, FLOODING, AIR-HANDLINGFAILURE, HEATING OR COOLING FAILURE, FIRE -- REFERENCE -- 10 Species-Specific Overview -- Outline -- 10.1 FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SELECTION OF ANIMALS -- 10.2 PROCUREMENT OF ANIMALS -- 10.3 CAGING -- 10.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT -- 10.5 FOOD -- 10.6 WATER -- 10.7 HANDLING AND RESTRAINT -- 10.8 IDENTIFICATION AND RECORDS -- 10.9 ANIMAL HEALTH -- 10.10 ZOONOSES (DESCRIBE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS).

10.11 SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES: HANDS-ON TRAINING IN TECHNIQUES SUCH AS BLOOD WITHDRAWAL, INJECTIONS, SPE ... -- REFERENCES -- IV RESOURCES -- 1 Sources of Information -- ANIMAL WELFARE INFORMATION CENTER -- NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE -- INSTITUTE OF LABORATORY ANIMAL RESOURCES -- FOUNDATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH -- CENTER FOR ALTERNATIVES -- CENTER FOR ANIMALS AND PUBLIC POLICY -- 2 Selected Bibliography -- LAWS, POLICIES, AND GUIDELINES -- ETHICS, ANIMAL WELFARE, AND THE USE OF ANIMALS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND TESTING -- ALTERNATIVES -- INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEES -- RECOGNITION AND ALLEVIATION OF PAIN AND DISTRESS -- SURGERY -- EUTHANASIA -- BIOLOGY, HUSBANDRY, AND CARE -- General References (Concerning More than one Species or Subject) -- Species-Specific References -- Carnivores -- Domestic Animals -- Nonhuman Primates -- Rabbits -- Rodents -- Other Animals -- GENETICS AND NOMENCLATURE -- NUTRITION -- OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS AND LABORATORY SAFETY -- PATHOLOGY AND THERAPY -- General References -- Species-Specific References -- Carnivores -- Domestic Animals -- Fishes -- Nonhuman Primates -- Rabbits and Rodents -- OTHER ANIMALS -- DESIGN OF EDUCATIONAL COURSES -- 3 Audiovisual Materials -- V HOW TO DEVELOP, DELIVER, AND EVALUATE AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM -- 1 How to Approach the Task of Education -- EDUCATIONAL GOALS -- SETTING OBJECTIVES -- SELECTING METHODS -- Lectures/Seminars -- Interactive Sessions -- Workshops/Laboratories -- Individualized Study -- Self Assessment -- OVERCOMING RESISTANCE TO CHANGE -- CONCLUSIONS -- 2 How to Plan and Implement a Training Course -- IDENTIFYING THE TARGET AUDIENCE -- ALLOCATING A BUDGET/FUNDING -- DETERMINING GOALS AND OBJECTIVES -- SCHEDULING THE COURSE -- RESERVING FACILITIES -- IDENTIFYING AND CONTACTING LECTURERS -- OBTAINING AND REVIEWING AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS.

ASSEMBLING REFERENCE MATERIALS -- PUBLICIZING THE COURSE -- REFERENCES -- 3 Evaluation -- EVALUATING THE INSTITUTIONAL PROGRAM -- EVALUATING THE COURSE -- REFERENCE -- Appendixes -- I Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training -- II The Animal Welfare Information Center -- ANIMAL WELFARE INFORMATION CENTER ESTABLISHED -- SERVICES AND INFORMATION RESOURCES AVAILABLE THROUGH AWIC -- AWIC REFERENCE PUBLICATIONS -- PROJECTS SUPPORTED BY AWIC -- UPDATES REGARDING AWIC AND NAL -- PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE THROUGH AWIC -- III Sample Objectives or Self-Assessment Statements -- INTRODUCTION -- CORE MODULE -- Laws, Regulations, and Policies That Impact on the Care and Use of Animals -- Ethical and Scientific Issues -- Alternatives -- Responsibilities of the Institution, Animal Care and Use Committee, and Research and Veterinary Staffs -- Pain and Distress -- Anesthetics, Analgesics, Tranquilizers, and Neuromuscular Blocking Agents -- Survival Surgical and Postsurgical Care -- Euthanasia -- Husbandry, Care, and the Importance of the Environment -- Resources -- SPECIES-SPECIFIC MODULE -- Selection and Procurement of Animals -- Husbandry and Care -- Animal Health -- Safety and Health Considerations (Zoonoses) -- Specific Techniques -- Euthanasia -- PAIN-MANAGEMENT MODULE -- Definitions, Mechanisms, and Assessment -- Legal and Ethical Obligations -- Alleviation of Pain or Distress -- Anesthestics -- Euthanasia -- SURGERY MODULE -- Legal Requirements for Survival Surgery -- Aseptic Technique -- Selection and Administration of Anesthetic -- Animal Monitoring -- Surgical Techniques -- Postsurgical Care -- Medical Records -- Terminal Surgeries.