Valuing Health Risks, Costs, and Benefits for Environmental Decision Making -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- RISK ASSESSMENT AND BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS -- REGULATORY PRACTICE -- CONTINUING ISSUES -- Contextual And Legal Constraints -- Approaches To Analysis -- How Much Information? -- Handling Uncertainty -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 2 The Making Of Cruel Choices -- 3 The Politics Of Benefit-Cost Analysis -- ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS -- Thinking Like Lawyers -- Ravenous Bureaucrats -- Media Hype -- Public Opinion And Political Culture -- CONGRESS: KEYSTONE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ESTABLISHMENT -- Omb: The Eye of The Storm -- The Health-Only Canard -- THE FEDERAL COURTS -- Rule-Making Procedures -- Reading Statutes -- REGULATORY AGENCIES -- ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4 Benefit-Cost Analysis As A Source Of Information About Welfare -- SCOPE AND COMPREHENSIVENESS -- MEASURING COSTS AND BENEFITS AT PARTICULAR POINTS IN TIME -- Diminishing Marginal Utility In The Intrapersonal Case -- Diminishing Marginal Utility In The Interpersonal Case -- Preferences Involving Poor Information Or Other Cognitive Defects -- Preferences Not Related To Welfare -- The Absence Of Appropriate Markets -- MEASURING COSTS AND BENEFITS OVER TIME -- When Saving Is Optimal -- When Saving Is Not Optimal -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Comparing Values In Environmental Policies: Moral Issues And Moral Arguments -- METHODS OF REASONING ABOUT MORALITY -- Empirical Approaches To Moral Issues -- Arguing From Theory or Basic Doctrines -- VALUING AND DISCOUNTING LIVES IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES -- THE SOCIAL DISCOUNT RATE -- SHOULD LIVES BE DISCOUNTED? -- Democracy And Consumer Sovereignty -- Excessive Sacrifice -- Indefinite Delay -- A Paradox -- WHAT SHOULD THE DISCOUNT RATE BE? -- PUTTING A PRICE ON LIFE.

CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 6 Environmental Policy Making: Act Now Or Wait For More Information? -- IRREVERSIBILITY AND THE BIAS TOWARD WAITING -- WAITING AND SUNKEN COSTS -- Diesel Emissions -- Cyanazine -- Ethylene Dibromide -- REGULATION AS RESEARCH -- CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS -- CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Choice Under Uncertainty: Problems Solved And Unsolved -- THE EXPECTED UTILITY MODEL -- The Classical Perspective: Cardinal Utility And Attitudes Toward Risk -- A Modern Perspective: Linearity In The Probabilities As A Testable Hypothesis -- VIOLATIONS OF LINEARITY IN TILE PROBABILITIES -- The Allais Paradox And "Fanning Out" -- Additional Evidence Of Fanning Out -- Non-Expected Utility Models Of Preferences -- THE PREFERENCE REVERSAL PHENOMENON -- The Evidence -- Two Interpretations Of This Phenomenon -- Implications Of The Economic World View -- Implications Of The Psychological World View -- FRAMING EFFECTS -- Evidence -- Two Issues Regarding Framing -- Framing Effects And Economic Analysis: Has This Problem Already Been Solved? -- OTHER ISSUES: IS PROBABILITY THEORY RELEVANT? -- The Manipulation Of Subjective Probabilities -- The Existence Of Subjective Probabilities -- Life (And Economic Analysis) Without Probability Theory -- IMPLICATIONS FOR PRIVATE AND PUBLIC DECISION MAKING -- IMPLICATIONS FOR PRIVATE-SECTOR DECISION ANALYSIS -- Implications for Public Decision Making -- Public and Corporate Obligations in the Presentation of Information -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- EDITORS' NOTE -- REFERENCES -- 8 Conclusions -- THE CONTEXT OF DECISION MAKING -- APPROACH -- PROCEDURE -- SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION -- DECISION MAKING -- CONCLUSIONS -- Appendix Setting National Standards For Inorganic Arsenic Emissions From Primary Copper Smelters: A Case Study -- RISK ASSESSMENT: QUANTIFYING CANCER RISKS -- Estimated Dose Response.

Estimated Public Exposure -- Estimated Individual And Population Risks -- Uncertainties In Risk Characterization -- Exposure For An Entire Lifetime -- Early Lifetime Exposure -- Use of Census Data -- Assumption of No Latency Period -- Exclusion of Other Health Effects -- Evaluation of Risk Assessment -- RISK MANAGEMENT: EXAMINING THE CONSEQUENCES -- Emissions and Risk Reductions -- Remaining Exposure and Risks -- Costs and Economic Impacts -- Economic Cost-Effectiveness -- Economic Efficiency -- Equity -- FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SETTING A STANDARD -- How Should Health Risk Be Characterized? -- What Constitutes a Significant Risk? -- What Constitutes an Appropriate Balance Between Costs and Risks? -- How Should Single-Decision Criteria Be Explicitly Integrated? -- Is Any Balance Between Costs and Risks Consistent with EPA's Legislative Mandate? -- EPA'S ACTUAL REGULATORY DECISION FOR INORGANIC ARSENIC EMISSIONS FROM PRIMARY COPPER SMELTERS -- REFERENCES.