A Common Destiny -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Summary and Conclusions -- SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS -- Blacks and Whites in a Changing Society -- Determinants of Black Status -- A RECORD OF THE STATUS OF BLACK AMERICANS -- Attitudes, Participation, Identity, and Institutions -- Political Participation -- Economic Status -- Schooling -- Health -- Crime and Criminal Justice -- Children and Families -- THE FUTURE: ALTERNATIVES AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS -- Blacks' Status in the Near Future -- Residential Segregation -- Income and Poverty -- Policy Alternatives -- Black Perspectives -- CONCLUSION -- 1 Overview: Then and Now -- CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN BLACK-WHITE STATUS SINCE 1940 -- The Baseline Cohort -- The Most Recent Cohort -- Uneven Changes -- DATA, FINDINGS, AND INTERPRETATIONS: CONCEPTS AND METHODS -- Study Methods -- Determinants of Black Status -- Interpreting Data -- Explaining Black-White Differences -- Residential Segregation and Its Effects -- Description of the Report -- REFERENCES -- NOTE -- 2 Black Participation in American Society -- THE BASELINE PERIOD: 1935-1945 -- Social Relations Under Jim Crow -- Migration and Urbanization -- Rising Black Protest -- BLACK PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS SINCE 1945 -- The Military -- Desegregation of the Armed Forces -- The Modern Military -- Public Schools -- Trends in School Desegregation -- Effects of School Desegregation -- Resegregation Within Desegregated Schools -- Blacks, Whites, and School Desegregation -- PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS AND WORK ENVIRONMENTS -- Workplaces -- Labor Unions and Equal Employment -- RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION -- Metropolitan Areas -- Neighborhoods -- BLACK PARTICIPATION IN SOCIAL LIFE SINCE 1945 -- Churches And Religious Life -- Organized Sports -- ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 3 Racial Attitudes and Behavior.

THE EMPIRICAL RECORD: 1940-1986 -- Change in Racial Attitudes: An Overview -- White Attitudes -- The Scientific American Reports -- Social Distance -- SOCIAL POLICY, SOCIAL CONTEXT, AND RACIAL ATTITUDES -- Black Attitudes -- Support for Principles and Implementation Policies -- Black Alienation from White Society -- BLACK AND WHITE PREFERENCES FOR BLACK-WHITE RELATIONS -- CONTEMPORARY BLACK-WHITE RELATIONS -- Public Accommodations and Retail Establishments -- Racial Attitudes and Discrimination In Housing -- Housing and Socioeconomic Status -- Discrimination in the Workplace -- EXPLANATIONS OF BLACK AND WHITE ATTITUDES TOWARD RACE -- Three Interpretations -- Competing Values -- The Meaning of Racial Equality -- Group Status -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Identity and Institutions in the Black Community -- SOCIAL STRUCTURE -- Before the Civil Rights Movement -- A Segregated Society -- Black Cultural Life -- After the Civil Rights Movement -- The Black Middle Class -- The Changing Black Elite -- INSTITUTIONS: INSTRUMENTS OF CHANGE -- The Civil Rights Movement and Its Local Roots -- Religious Institutions -- Colleges and Universities -- History -- Current Patterns -- Businesses -- From the Nineteenth Century to the Civil Rights Movement -- Black-Owned Businesses Since 1970 -- The Naacp and the National Urban League -- Post-1960s Organizations -- Caucus Organizations -- Organizations of Public Officials -- BLACK IDENTITY -- Divergent Definitions -- Cultural Traditions -- Self-Determination and the Nation of Islam -- African-American Cultural Duality -- Group Identity and Consciousness -- REFERENCES -- 5 Black Political Participation -- FROM RIGHTS TO RESOURCES -- CORE POLITICAL VALUES -- Black Pragmatism -- Blacks and the Political Parties -- Black Nationalism -- THE STRUGGLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS: PROTEST AND LITIGATION.

Antecedents to the Civil Rights Movement -- The Context of the Postwar Years -- Socioeconomic Changes -- Political Effects -- Public Opinion -- Enforcement of Civil Rights -- Voting -- Education -- Employment -- Public Accommodations and Housing -- DEMOCRATIC STATUS: VOTING AND HOLDING OFFICE -- Determinants of Black Voter Participation -- Elected Officials -- Other Public Officials and Employees -- ALLOCATIONAL STATUS: INFLUENCING PUBLIC POLICY -- Political Leadership and Priorities in the Black Community -- Local Black Governance -- The Federal Policy Process -- Foreign Policy -- Antipoverty Policy -- Minority Business Policy -- Tax Reform -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 6 Blacks in the Economy -- A HALF CENTURY OF UNEVEN CHANGE -- Gains and Stagnation -- Black Inequality: The Poor and the Middle Class -- POVERTY -- Trends in Poverty Since 1939 -- Current Conditions -- Demographic Factors -- The Working Poor -- Geographic Factors -- INCOME AND WEALTH -- Sources of Income -- Public Assistance and Other Benefits -- Wealth -- BLACKS IN THE LABOR MARKET -- National Economic Trends -- Earnings -- Lifetime Expected Earnings -- Effects of Education -- Employment -- Trends -- The Special Problems of Black Men -- Occupations -- Changes in Occupational Distribution -- Self-Employment -- EMPLOYMENT AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY -- Equal Employment Opportunity Enforcement -- Social Networks and Job Opportunities -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 The Schooling of Black Americans -- ENROLLMENT AND ATTAINMENT -- Early Childhood Education -- High School Attainment and Dropping Out -- College Entry and Completion -- Explaining the Decline in Black College Entry -- College: Degree Attainment and Choice Of Major -- ACHIEVEMENT -- Effects of Preschool and Compensatory Programs -- Elementary and High School -- Improvements in Black Achievement Scores.

Signs of Slippage and Remaining Black-White Gaps in Achievement -- SCHOOL FACTORS IN ATTAINMENT AND ACHIEVEMENT -- The Effects of Schools and Between-School Differences -- The Schooling Process -- Teacher Expectations, Characteristics, and Behavior -- Classrooms -- School Climate and "Effective Schools" -- Minimum Competency Testing and Teacher Testing -- Higher Education: Institutional Climate, Social Adjustment, and Academic Success -- EXTRASCHOOL FACTORS IN ATTAINMENT AND ACHIEVEMENT -- The Social Context of the Schools -- Black-White Similarities and Differences -- The Educational Attainment Process -- Families, Socialization, and School Performance -- Social Status and Ambivalence About Education -- School Desegregation and Academic Achievement -- Black Faculty in Higher Education -- POLICY CONTEXT AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8 Black Americans' Health -- OVERVIEW -- PREGNANCY AND INFANCY -- Neonatal and Postneonatal Mortality -- Prenatal Care -- Maternal Mortality -- CHILDHOOD -- Demography and Health Status -- Risks to Healthy Growth, Development, and Learning -- Malnutrition -- Anemia -- Lead Poisoning -- Lack of Immunization -- Lack of Dental Care -- Child Neglect and Abuse -- ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS -- Teenage Childbearing and Reproductive Health -- Special Health Risks -- Drugs, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use -- Injuries -- Glaucoma -- ADULTHOOD -- Major Health Risks -- Homicide -- Aids -- Substance Abuse -- Hypertension -- Cancer -- OLDER ADULTS -- Demographic Characteristics and Health -- Mortality and Morbidity -- Barriers to Health Utilization and Health Care -- PROVISION OF HEALTH CARE -- Insurance Coverage -- Sources of Care -- Preventive Care -- Hospital Care -- Quality of Care -- Health Professionals and Work Force -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Crime and the Administration of Criminal Justice -- CRIME AND PUNISHMENT.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE REVIEW -- A Historical Perspective -- CRIMINAL OFFENDERS AND VICTIMS -- Trends in Serious Crimes and Imprisonment -- Alcohol, Drugs, Handguns, and Crime -- Drugs and Alcohol -- Handguns -- The Costs of Crime: Blacks and Black Communities as Victims -- THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS -- Police Behavior and the Decision to Arrest -- Race Prejudice and Victim Racial Characteristics -- Police Organization -- Pretrial Bargaining and Prosecution -- Sentencing -- Sentencing Outcomes and Imprisonment Rates -- The Death Penalty -- BLACK CRIMINAL JUSTICE PERSONNEL -- Police Officers, Prosecutors, and Judges -- The Impact of Black Personnel -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 10 Children and Families -- CHANGING FAMILY PATTERNS -- Overview -- Fertility Trends -- Marital Status and Living Arrangements of Children -- Children and Poverty: Consequences of Family Change -- CAUSES OF CHANGING FAMILY PATTERNS -- The Resilience of Black Families -- Social Class and Economic Position -- Family Assistance Benefits -- Changes in Men's and Women's Economic Status -- The Declining Economic Fortunes of Men -- Labor Force Participation and Economic Status of Women -- Scarcity of ''Marriageable" Men -- The Culture-of-Poverty Hypothesis -- Other Factors -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Appendices -- Appendix A Notes on Methodology, Definitions, and Needed Data and Research -- A Clarification of Some Problems and Concepts -- Measurement -- Meaning of Status -- Racial Attitudes -- Meaning of Race -- Meaning of Racism -- Needed Data and Research -- References -- Appendix B Biographical Sketches of Committee and Panel Members and Staff -- Appendix C Committee Activities -- Meetings -- Committee and Panels -- Additional Meetings of Panels -- Panel on Education -- Panel on Employment, Income, and Occupations -- Panel on Health.

Panel on Political Participation and Administration of Criminal Justice.