Inner-City Poverty in the United States -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Summary -- FINDINGS -- Extent and Location of Ghetto Poverty -- Effects of Living in Ghettos -- CONCLUSIONS -- 1 Introduction -- TRENDS IN URBAN POVERTY -- GHETTO POVERTY -- THE UNDERCLASS HYPOTHESIS -- POLICY ISSUES -- REFERENCES -- 2 Ghetto Poverty: Basic Questions -- INTRODUCTION -- Dimensions of Urban Poverty -- Defining and Measuring Ghetto Poverty -- The 40 Percent Poverty Criterion -- The Level of Ghetto Poverty -- Data Sources -- CHARACTERISTICS OF GHETTO NEIGHBORHOODS -- Race/Ethnicity -- Family Structure and Demographics -- Economic Characteristics -- Social Characteristics -- Public Policy and Ghettos -- GHETTO POVERTY, 1970-1980: THE NATIONAL PICTURE -- The Number of Ghetto Poor -- An Aside: Rural High-Poverty Areas -- The Growth of Ghetto Poverty, 1970-1980 -- Where Are the Ghetto Poor? -- The Level of Ghetto Poverty -- Ghetto Poverty and the SMSA Poverty Rate -- THE GEOGRAPHY OF GHETTO POVERTY -- Understanding Increases in Ghetto Poverty -- The Geographic Spread of the Ghetto -- Movements from Ghetto and Mixed-Income Tracts -- Tracts Becoming Ghettos -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix A Issues Related to the Processing of Census Tract Tapes -- PRIMARY AND COMPLEMENTARY SUPPRESSION -- CHANGES IN SMSA BOUNDARIES, 1970-1980 -- BASIC DATA ON GHETTO POVERTY, 1970-1980 -- 3 How Poverty Neighborhoods Are Changing -- THE CONCEPT OF A "PROVERTY NEIGHBORHOOD" -- Poverty Neighborhoods as Neighborhoods -- Consistent Neighborhood Boundaries -- Study Neighborhoods -- NEIGHBORHOOD CHANGES IN THE 1970S -- Eastern and Midwestern Poverty Neighborhoods: A Study in Decline -- Intraregional Changes -- Los Angeles -- NEIGHBORHOOD CHANGES IN A LONGER PERSPECTIVE -- Population and Housing Changes in the 1960s -- From 1960 to 1980.

THE FILTERING PROCESS AND THE CULTURE OF POVERTY -- The Bottom of the Barrel -- Mobility Between and Within Neighborhoods -- The New Immigration -- STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF NEIGHBORHOOD CHANGES -- General Findings -- New Housing and Neighborhood Changes -- Population -- Income -- Housing Conditions -- Unemployment and Labor Force Participation -- POLICY IMPLICATIONS: WHAT MIGHT HELP? -- Programs for the Poor -- Housing -- Community Development Strategies -- National Economic Policy and Poverty Neighborhoods -- CONCLUSION: PROSPECTS AND POSSIBILITIES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 The Social Consequences of Growing Up in a Poor Neighborhood -- INTRODUCTION -- The Advantages of Advantaged Neighbors -- The Disadvantages of Advantaged Neighbors -- The Irrelevance of Advantaged Neighbors -- PROBLEMS IN MEASURING NEIGHBORHOOD EFFECTS ON CHILDREN -- Controlling Exogenous Influences -- Longitudinal Versus Cross-sectional Models -- Nonlinear Effects of Socioeconomic Mix -- Interactions Between Neighborhood SES and Individual SES -- Choosing Appropriate Measures of Neighborhood Composition -- Estimating Neighborhoods' Overall Effect -- EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT -- High School SES and College Attendance -- High School Racial Composition and College Attendance -- High School Graduation -- Neighborhoods' Cumulative Effect -- Conclusions about Educational Attainment -- COGNITIVE SKILLS -- Effects of High Schools' Mean SES -- Effects of Elementary School's Mean SES -- Effects of Racial Composition on Blacks -- The First Year of Desegregation -- Nonlinearities -- Effects of Racial Composition on Whites -- Conclusions About Cognitive Skills -- CRIME -- School Effects: Nashville in the 1950s -- Neighborhood Effects: Chicago in 1972 -- Rearrests Among Ex-Offenders: Baltimore in 1978-1980 -- Conclusions about Crime -- TEENAGE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR.

Single Teenage Motherhood -- Pregnancy -- Contraception -- Age at First Intercourse -- Conclusions -- LABOR MARKET SUCCESS -- Neighborhood Effects -- School Effects -- Mean SES -- Racial Composition -- Conclusions About Labor Market Success -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- Educational Attainment -- Cognitive Skills -- Crime -- Teenage Sexual Behavior -- Labor Market Success -- Empirical Generalizations -- Methodological Implications -- Implications for the Organization of Research -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Residential Segregation, Job Proximity, and Black Job Opportunities -- RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AND DEMAND FOR BLACK WORKERS -- Theoretical Issues -- Empirical Evidence -- EFFECTS OF JOB PROXIMITY ON LABOR SUPPLY -- Neighborhood Comparisons -- City-To-City Comparisons -- Reconciling Neighborhood Studies with SMSA Studies -- CAN BLACKS EARN MORE IN THE SUBURBS? -- HOW DO BLACKS FARE WHEN THEY LIVE IN THE SUBURBS? -- WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE? -- Demand for Black Workers -- Job Proximity and Labor Supply -- Suburban Versus Central-City Wages -- Blacks Who Live in the Suburbs -- Policy Implications -- Future Research -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Ghetto Poverty and Federal Policies and Programs -- FEDERAL POLICIES AND PROGRAMS THAT PROMOTE OR FAIL TO PREVENT INCOME SEGREGATION -- Housing -- Tax Treatment of Housing -- Federal Housing Subsidy Programs -- Residential Desegregation -- Transportation -- Highways -- Mass Transit -- Economic Development1 -- Welfare -- FEDERAL PROGRAMS THAT COULD REDUCE POVERTY CONCENTRATION -- Education -- Training -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 7 Conclusions -- FINDINGS -- The Changing Structure of Urban Economies -- Effects of Ghetto Poverty -- Contextual Effects -- The Existence of an Urban Underclass -- CONCLUSIONS -- Macroeconomic Policies -- Human Capital Investment -- Increasing Mobility.

RESEARCH DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- Index.