Science, Policy, and the Coast -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS UNDER PRESSURE -- THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE -- ORIGINS OF THIS ASSESSMENT -- STRATEGY USED -- Regional Symposia -- OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT -- 2 Regional Symposia -- THE CALIFORNIA SYMPOSIUM -- Summary of California Symposium Findings -- THE GULF OF MAINE SYMPOSIUM -- Summary of Gulf of Maine Symposium Findings -- THE GULF OF MEXICO SYMPOSIUM -- Summary of Gulf of Mexico Symposium Findings -- ADDRESSING CUMULATIVE IMPACTS -- Managing Cumulative Impacts -- 3 Challenges To Effective Use Of Science In Making And Implementing Coastal Policy -- THE ROLE AND LIMITATIONS OF SCIENCE AND POLICYMAKING -- CULTURAL DIFFERENCES -- Human Culture As A Variable In The Science-Policy Interaction -- The Genesis Of Cultural Differences In Coastal Policy -- Cultural Conflict In Coastal Policymaking -- SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY AND REVIEW MECHANISMS -- Mechanisms For Providing Advice -- Why Do Scientists Participate? -- Impediments To Participation And Success -- Examples Of Failures And Successes -- INTEGRATION OF NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES -- The Need For Scientific Integration -- Obstacles To Scientific Integration -- PREDICTION AND UNCERTAINTY -- Descriptive And Predictive Science -- Risk Assessment And Simulation Models -- Decisionmaking With Uncertainty -- SETTING THE SCIENCE AGENDA -- Who Sets The Agenda -- Factors That Should Be Considered In Setting The Science Agenda -- Role Of Fundamental Research -- National And Regional Needs And Roles -- DEALING WITH COMPLEXITIES IN THE COASTAL DECISIONMAKING PROCESS -- Policymakers And Policy Implementers At Different Levels Of Government -- Scientists -- Users/Industry -- Nongovernmental Organizations (Ngos) -- The Public -- The News Media -- INTEGRATED AND ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT.

Meaning And Approaches To Integrated Management -- Meaning And Approaches To Adaptive Management -- Implications For Science-Policy Interactions -- 4 Findings And Recommendations -- ISSUE 1 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN COASTAL SCIENTISTS AND POLICYMAKERS -- Finding: Coastal Scientists And Policymakers Do Not Interact Sufficiently To Ensure That Decisions And Policies Related To Co -- Recommendation: Improve The Interaction Between Scientists (Natural And Social) And Coastal Policyma ... -- ISSUE 2 INTEGRATED AND ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT -- Finding: Coastal Policies Tend To Lack Sufficient Flexibility And Are Most Often Designed To Manage ... -- Recommendation: Employ Integrated And Adaptive Management Approaches In Coastal Policymaking And Imp ... -- ISSUE 3 ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES -- Finding: The Allocation Of Available Resources For Coastal Science And Policymaking Is Suboptimal Be ... -- Recommendation: Improve The Allocation And Coordination Of Resources To Achieve Effective Interactio ... -- References -- Appendix Biographies of Committee Members.