Live Fire Testing of the F-22 -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- PRINCIPAL FINDINGS -- Practicality and Cost-Benefit -- Sufficiency -- Vulnerability Assessment Tools -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Desirability of Waiver for the F-22 Tests -- Changed Circumstances Since Milestone II -- Affordability and Cost-Benefit -- Sufficiency of Tests Planned for the F-22 -- Other Recommendations -- Vulnerability Requirements -- Vulnerability Assessment Tools -- 1 Introduction -- VULNERABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF OVERALL SURVIVABILITY -- VULNERABILITY TESTING OF AIRCRAFT VERSUS GROUND VEHICLES -- REPORT ORGANIZATION -- REFERENCES -- 2 Origin of Testing Requirements -- FRAMEWORK -- F-22 LIVE FIRE TESTING REQUIREMENTS -- The Live Fire Test Law-Requirements and Historical Interpretations -- Recent Live Fire Test Guidelines and Interpretations -- Recent Amendment to Waiver Provision of the Live Fire Test Law -- REQUEST FOR A RETROACTIVE F-22 TEST WAIVER -- Position on Vulnerability -- Position on Full-Up, Full-Scale Testing -- Confusion over Interpretation of the Law -- Help from the Previous Committee -- A Lingering Question -- F-22 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR VULNERABILITY -- DISPOSITION OF PRIOR COMMITTEE'S RECOMMENDATIONS -- SUMMARY -- Requirements Background -- What Changed to Cause Request for Waiver -- F-22 Design Requirements for Vulnerability -- Disposition of Previous Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- 3 Practicality, Affordability, and Cost-Benefit -- PRACTICALITY -- Relative Importance of Vulnerability Reduction to F-22 Survivability -- Realism in Aircraft Testing -- Level 1 -- Level 2 -- Level 3 -- Level 4 -- Destructive Versus Nondestructive Testing -- Expert Opinion -- AFFORDABILITY -- Affordability of Full-Up, Full-Scale Testing -- Investment Methodology for F-22 Vulnerability Tests.

COST-BENEFIT METHODOLOGY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Sufficiency of F-22 Testing Plans -- F-22 THREAT ENVIRONMENT AND ITS REPLICATION -- OVERVIEW OF THE AIR FORCE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM -- EVALUATION OF THE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM -- Structure and Integral Fuel Tanks -- Description and Attendant Vulnerabilities -- Planned Analyses and Tests -- Assessment -- Suggested Revisions -- Fuel System and Associated Dry Bays -- Description and Attendant Vulnerabilities -- Planned Analyses and Tests -- Assessment -- Suggested Revisions -- Flight Control and Auxiliary Systems -- Description and Attendant Vulnerabilities -- Planned Analyses and Tests -- Assessment -- Suggested Revisions -- Weapons Bay and Ordnance -- Description and Attendant Vulnerabilities -- Planned Analyses and Tests -- Assessment -- Suggested Revisions -- Engines -- Description and Attendant Vulnerabilities -- Planned Analyses and Tests -- Assessment -- Suggested Revisions -- Flight Crew -- Description and Attendant Vulnerabilities -- Planned Analyses and Tests -- Assessment -- Suggested Revisions -- Fire Protection Systems -- Description and Attendant Vulnerabilities -- Combustibles -- Fire Detection. -- Dry Bay Fire Protection -- Fuel System Explosion Suppression -- Planned Analyses and Tests -- Dry Bay Fire Extinguishing -- Evaluation Plan for Halon Replacement -- Dry Bay Foam -- Synergistic Effects -- Assessment -- Suggested Revisions -- ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- Adequacy of F-22 Threat Definition and Replication -- Overall Sufficiency -- Specific Actions -- Structure and Integral Fuel Tanks -- Fuel System and Associated Dry Bays -- Flight Control and Auxiliary Systems -- Weapons Bay and Ordnance -- Engines -- Flight Crew -- Fire Protection Systems -- Additional Action -- REFERENCES -- 5 Vulnerability Assessment Tools.

ROLE OF TESTING, MODELING, AND DATA BASES IN VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT -- DOCUMENTATION -- DATA BASES -- MODELS -- Phenomenological Models -- Encounter Models -- Models Used by the F-22 System Program Office -- Large-Scale Effects -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Recommendations -- DESIRABILITY OF WAIVER FOR THE F-22 TESTS -- COST-BENEFIT METHODOLOGY -- SUFFICIENCY OF TESTS PLANNED FOR THE F-22 -- OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS -- Vulnerability Requirements -- Vulnerability Assessment Tools -- Appendix A Meetings, Site Visits, and Discussions -- COMMITTEE MEETING: DECEMBER 21-22, 1994 WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Participants -- Objectives -- Presentations -- COMMITTEE MEETING AND SITE VISIT: JANUARY 19-20, 1995 F-22 SYSTEM PROGRAM OFFICE, WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHIO -- Participants -- Objectives -- Presentations -- MEETING TO DISCUSS PREVIOUS NRC REPORT: FEBRUARY 8, 1995, SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION (SAIC), TYSONS ... -- Participants -- Objective -- COMMITTEE MEETING: FEBRUARY 16-17, 1995 WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Participants -- Objectives -- Presentations -- Round-Table Question-and-Answer Session -- SITE VISIT: FEBRUARY 21, 1995 NAVAL AIR WARFARE CENTER, CHINA LAKE, CALIFORNIA -- Participants -- Objective -- Presentations -- COMMITTEE MEETING: MARCH 21-22, 1995 WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Participants -- Objective -- COMMITTEE MEETING: APRIL 27-28, 1995 WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Participants -- Objective -- PANEL MEETING: MARCH 3, 1995 ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO -- Participants -- Objective -- Appendix B Live Fire Test Law U.S. Code, Title 10, Section 2366, 1994 -- Appendix C Department of Defense F-22 Waiver Request -- A BILL [ENCLOSURE A] -- Section Live-Fire Survivability Testing of F-22 Aircraft -- PLAN FOR ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE VULNERABILITY OF THE F-22 AIRCRAFT [ENCLOSURE B] -- Executive Summary -- Systems Engineering Approach.

Requirements Definition -- Detailed Analyses -- Ballistic Tests -- Test Descriptions -- Material Tests -- Component Tests -- Subassembly Tests -- Wing Box Subassembly Tests -- Aft Side of Body Subassembly Tests -- Fuselage Fuel Tank Subassembly -- Dry Bay Subassembly Tests -- Engine Tests -- On-Board Ordnance -- Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (ABDR) -- High Power Microwave (HPM) Test -- Laser Tests -- Chemical Testing -- Model Enhancements -- Crew Casualties -- SECTION BY SECTION ANALYSIS [ENCLOSURE C] -- Live-Fire Survivability Testing of F-22 Aircraft -- Appendix D Vulnerability Assessment Process -- WHAT ARE THE THREATS TO MILITARY AIRCRAFT? -- WHAT IS AIRCRAFT VULNERABILITY? -- Critical Components and Essential Functions -- Kill Modes -- The Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) -- The Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) -- The Kill Tree -- WHAT IS A VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT? -- HOW IS VULNERABILITY MEASURED? -- WHAT ARE THE TWO METHODOLOGIES USED TO ASSESS VULNERABILITY? -- Analysis/Modeling -- Vulnerability to a Single Hit by a Penetrator or Fragment -- Vulnerability to a Contact-Fuzed High-Explosive Warhead -- Vulnerability to an Externally Detonating High-Explosive Warhead -- Results from the Analyses -- REFERENCES.