Technical Bases for Yucca Mountain Standards -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- PROTECTING HUMAN HEALTH -- Elements of the Standard -- Protection of the General Public -- ASSESSING COMPLIANCE -- Physical and Geologic Processes -- Exposure Scenarios -- HUMAN INTRUSION -- IMPLICATIONS OF OUR CONCLUSIONS -- Limits of the Scientific Basis -- Technology-Based Standards -- Administrative Consequences -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- SCOPE OF THE STUDY -- BACKGROUND AND APPROACH -- The Repository System -- Issues to Be Considered in Approaching the Study -- Large but improbable doses -- Demonstration of compliance -- Fundamental vs. derived standards -- Time scale -- Choices Affecting the Bases of the Standard -- 2 PROTECTING HUMAN HEALTH -- THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION -- DEVELOPMENT OF RADIATION PROTECTION STANDARDS -- General Consensus in Radiation Protection Principles and Standards -- THE FORM OF THE STANDARD -- ELEMENTS OF AN INDIVIDUAL-RISK STANDARD -- What Level of Protection? -- Who Is Protected? -- For How Long? -- PROTECTING THE GENERAL PUBLIC -- PROTECTING THE GLOBAL POPULATION -- NEGLIGIBLE INCREMENTAL RISK -- PROTECTING LOCAL POPULATIONS -- Population-Risk Standard -- Spatial Gradient in Risk -- PREFERRED FORM OF THE STANDARD -- 3 ASSESSING COMPLIANCE -- INTRODUCTION -- PART I: OVERVIEW OF PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT -- Reasonable Confidence -- Time scale -- Probabilistic Analysis of Risk -- QUANTITATIVE CALCULATION OF REPOSITORY PERFORMANCE -- Elements of Performance Assessment -- Conceptual model -- Mathematical model -- Numerical analysis -- Model parameters -- Boundary conditions -- Treatment of Uncertainty -- Probabilistic modeling -- Bounding estimates -- Alternative conceptual models -- Summary -- PATHWAYS AND PROCESSES FOR PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT AT YUCCA MOUNTAIN.

PART II: EARTH SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FACTORS IN PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT AT YUCCA MOUNTAIN -- Transport Among Reservoirs -- Release from the waste form -- Transport from canisters to the near-field unsaturated zone -- Gas phase transport from the unsaturated zone to the atmosphere above Yucca Mountain -- Atmospheric circulation leading to dispersal of gaseous radionuclides in the world atmosphere -- Aqueous phase transport from the unsaturated zone to the water table -- Gradual and Episodic Natural Modifiers -- Climate change -- Seismicity -- Volcanism -- PART III: EXPOSURE SCENARIOS IN PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT -- Selection of Exposure Scenarios for Performance Assessment Calculations -- Exclusion Zone -- 4 HUMAN INTRUSION AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS -- INTRODUCTION -- The Consequences of Intrusion -- Technical basis -- Consequence-based analysis -- ADDITIONAL BASES FOR OUR RECOMMENDATION -- Categories of Future Human Intrusion Events -- Categories of Hazards Resulting From an Intrusion -- 5 IMPLICATIONS OF OUR CONCLUSIONS -- COMPARISON WITH 40 CFR 191 -- Considerations -- Generic vs. site-specific standards -- Dose vs. risk -- Differences From 40 CFR 191 -- Time period -- Population health effects and release limits -- Human intrusion -- Ground-water protection -- Common Elements With 40 CFR 191 -- Dose apportionment -- Reference biosphere -- Exclusion zone -- Use of mean values -- LIMITS OF THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS -- TECHNOLOGY-BASED STANDARDS -- The ALARA Principle -- 10 CFR 60 -- Minimum Early Release -- ADMINISTRATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR EPA, USNRC, AND DOE -- APPENDIX A BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION ON COMMITTEE MEMBERS -- APPENDIX B CONGRESSIONAL MANDATE FOR THIS REPORT -- TITLE VIII-HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE -- TITLE VIII-HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE -- APPENDIX C A PROBABILISTIC CRITICAL GROUP.

EXAMPLE STEPS REQUIRED FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF A MONTE CARLO ANALYSIS -- Step 1: Identify general lifestyle characteristics of the larger population that includes the critic... -- Step 2: Quantify important characteristics, distributions of characteristics, and geographic locatio... -- Step 3: Simulation of radionuclide transport and identification of potential exposure areas -- Step 4: For each plume realization, identify critical ''snapshots" of radionuclide distribution at t ... -- Step 5: Generate exposure realizations -- Step 6: Calculation of dose distributions for exposure realizations -- Step 7: Interpretation of exposure simulation results to identify critical subgroups -- Step 8: Calculation of average risk to members of the critical group -- APPENDIX D THE SUBSISTENCE-FARMER CRITICAL GROUP -- CALCULATION OF GEOSPHERE PERFORMANCE -- CALCULATION OF BIOSPHERE PERFORMANCE -- APPENDIX E PERSONAL SUPPLEMENTARY STATEMENT OF THOMAS H. PIGFORD -- INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY -- COMMENTS AND EXPLANATION -- REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX E -- APPENDIX F THE COMMITTEE CHAIR'S PERSPECTIVE ON APPENDIX E -- GLOSSARY -- REFERENCES.