Ada and Beyond -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- WHAT SHOULD THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DO ABOUT THE ADA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE? -- CONTEXT AND TRENDS -- FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Ada Competitive Advantage -- Applicability of Policy to DOD Domains -- Scope of Policy -- Policy Implementation -- Investment in Ada -- Software Metrics Data -- WHAT THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SHOULD DO ABOUT ADA -- ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT -- 1 The Changing Context for DOD Software Development -- GROWTH IN THE COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE INDUSTRY -- OBSTACLES TO BROAD ADOPTION OF ADA -- Low Commercial Awareness and Limited Sponsorship -- Limited Extent of Academic Instruction in Ada -- Limited Availability of Ada Tools and Compilers -- Assumption That Ada Has to Control Everything -- Need for Ada-compatible Application Programming Interfaces -- Labor Market Forces -- DOD PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE POLICY -- Policy History -- Ada's Place in Current DOD Programming Language Policy -- Implementation of Policy on Waivers -- Importance of Appropriate Expertise -- Level of Applicability -- Implications -- DOD INVESTMENT STRATEGY -- SUMMARY OF ADA TRENDS -- CRITICAL QUESTIONS -- NOTES -- 2 Software Engineering and the Role of Ada in DOD Systems -- SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROCESS AND ARCHITECTURE -- Economics of Software Engineering -- Reducing the Complexity of Software Products -- Improving Software Processes -- Influence of Software Environments, Tools, and Languages on the Software Engineering Process -- TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF ADA 95 AND OTHER THIRD-GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES -- AVAILABLE COMPARISONS OF ADA 83 AND OTHER THIRD-GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES -- Analyses of Language Features -- Comparisons of Empirical Data -- Anecdotal Experience from Projects -- THE NEED TO INSTITUTE COLLECTION OF DATA FOR SOFTWARE METRICS -- NOTES.

3 DOD Software Policy: Analysis and Recommendations -- POLICY OBJECTIVES AND CRITERIA RELEVANT TO MEETING THEM -- Relating Criteria to Objectives -- Critical Criteria in DOD's Selection of a Programming Language -- Warfighting and Commercially Dominated Applications -- Warfighting Applications -- Commercially Dominated Applications -- ADA BUSINESS-CASE ANALYSIS -- Criteria for Evaluation of Ada -- Software Size -- Process -- Environment -- Personnel -- High Assurance and Real-Time Performance -- Ease of Change -- Socio-Technical Infrastructure -- Conclusions -- FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Ada Competitive Advantage -- Applicability of Policy to DOD Domains -- Scope of Policy -- Policy Implementation -- Investment in Ada -- Software Metrics Data -- ASSESSMENT OF POLICY ALTERNATIVES -- Conditions for Requiring Ada -- Application Subsystem Is in the Warfighting Sector -- Maintenance Is Directed by DOD -- Subsystem Is Critical or Larger Than 10, 000 Lines of Code -- No Better COTS, NDI, or 4GL Solution Exists -- No Life-cycle Cost-effectiveness Consideration Justifies Use of Another Language -- Ada Requirement -- 95 Percent or More of the Subsystem 's Warfighting Software Is to Be Written in Ada -- Language Choice Process -- Replace the Waiver Approval Process with Other DOD Software Reviews -- Reconsider the Level at Which Waivers Can Be Approved -- Investment in Ada Infrastructure -- ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT IN ADA INFRASTRUCTURE -- NOTES -- 4 Implementation of Recommended DOD Software Policy -- RECOMMENDED POLICY FOR CHOICE OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE -- Goals of Software Development -- Guidelines for Choice of Programming Language -- Recommended Policy for Requiring the Use of the Ada Programming Language -- SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PLAN REVIEW PROCESS -- Policy Framework -- Stakeholder Role -- Approval Authority and Milestones.

Submission of Software Engineering Plans -- Software Engineering Codes -- NOTES -- 5 Implementation of Recommended Strategy for Investment in Ada -- GOALS OF THE INVESTMENT STRATEGY -- ADA INVESTMENT STRATEGY -- Language Maintenance and Enhancement -- Support for Ada Compilers, Tools, and Application Programming Interfaces -- Curriculum Development -- Centralized Support Organization -- DETAILED PLAN FOR INVESTMENTS IN ADA TECHNOLOGY AND SUPPORT -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- Bibliography -- Appendixes -- Appendix A DOD Draft Software Management Policy Directive with Further Modifications Suggested by t... -- INTRODUCTION -- PROPOSED TEMPLATE FOR DOD DIRECTIVE ON SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT -- Appendix B Technical Descriptions of Ada and Other Third-Generation Programming Languages -- ADA 83 -- ADA 95 -- C -- C++ -- JAVA -- DOMAIN-SPECIFIC COMPARISON -- Appendix C -- Appendix D Detailed Comparisons of Ada and Other Third-Generation Programming Languages -- EVALUATIONS OF LANGUAGE FEATURES -- PROJECT EVALUATION DATA -- Open-Source Data -- Proprietary Data -- Cost -- Delivered Defects -- Reliability -- Productivity -- CONCLUSION -- Appendix E Briefings and Position Papers Received by the Committee -- BRIEFINGS -- POSITION PAPERS.