AN EVALUATION OF THE U.S. NAVY'S EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM ECOLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAM -- Copyright -- OTHER RECENT REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- COMMON ISSUES ARISING FROM EVALUATION OF INDIVIDUAL STUDIES -- USE OF EXPOSURE DATA BY ECOLOGICAL MONITORING TEAMS -- STUDY-SITE SELECTION -- ADEQUACY OF SITE REPLICATION -- SPECIES SELECTION -- RESPONSE VARIABLES -- STATISTICAL POWER -- RESPONSE TO REVIEW -- APPROPRIATENESS OF INTERPRETATION -- DIFFERENT METHODS FOR SIMILAR ORGANISMS -- LACK OF INTEGRATION AMONG STUDIES AND SYNTHESIS OF INFORMATION -- DATA ARCHIVING -- IITRI'S ENGINEERING SUPPORT AND PROGRAM MANAGEMENT -- ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS -- RECOMMENDATION -- DO NOT REPEAT THE FIELD STUDIES -- SUGGESTED NEXT STEPS -- REANALYZE THE EXPOSURE-ASSESSMENT DATA -- VARIABLES THAT TENDED TO SHOW MEASURABLE EFFECTS SHOULD BE SUBJECTED TO CONTROLLED LABORATORY STUDY -- REANALYSIS OR LABORATORY STUDIES SHOULD BE REVIEWED INDEPENDENTLY -- 1 Introduction -- THE ELF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM -- THE NAVY'S ECOLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAM -- THE COMMITTEE'S CHARGE AND APPROACH -- SPECIFIC THEORIES OF BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF EMF EXPOSURE -- SCOPE OF THE REPORT -- 2 EMF Measurements, Exposure Criteria, and Dosimetry -- CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS -- EXPOSURE CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTION -- EXPOSURE DATA SUPPLIED TO RESEARCHERS -- USING FORMULAS FOR PREDICTING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS -- DOSIMETRY -- DIFFERENCES IN EFFECT BETWEEN UNMODULATED 60-HZ AND MODULATED 76-HZ SIGNALS -- CONCLUSIONS REGARDING EMF MEASUREMENTS -- 3 Evaluation of Final Reports of Individual Studies -- INTRODUCTION -- WETLANDS -- PROJECT PROPOSAL -- SYSTEM, SITE, AND SPECIES SELECTION -- RESPONSE VARIABLES -- EXPERIMENT DESIGN -- Biologic Sampling -- Environmental Characteristics.

Statistical Methods -- Quality Assurance and Quality Control -- Exposure Assessment -- RESPONSE TO REVIEW -- PRESENTATION OF RESULTS -- Alternative Hypotheses -- Interpretation -- How Well Researchers' Conclusions Were Supported -- COMMITTEE CRITIQUE -- SLIME MOLD -- PROJECT PROPOSAL -- SPECIES SELECTION -- SELECTION OF RESPONSE VARIABLES -- EXPERIMENT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION -- Biologic Sampling Techniques -- Physical Measurements -- Statistical Methods -- Exposure Assessment -- PRESENTATION OF RESULTS -- CONCLUSIONS AND COMMITTEE CRITIQUE -- Validity -- Uncertainties -- WISCONSIN BIRDS AND MICHIGAN BIRDS -- PROJECT PROPOSAL -- SPECIES SELECTION -- RESPONSE VARIABLES -- EXPERIMENT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION -- Physical Measurements -- Statistical Methods -- Quality Assurance, Quality Control, and Replicability -- Exposure Assessment -- RESPONSE TO REVIEW -- PRESENTATION OF RESULTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- SMALL VERTEBRATES -- PROJECT PROPOSAL -- FECUNDITY, MORTALITY, GROWTH, AND MATURATION IN TREE SWALLOWS -- GROWTH AND MATURATION IN DEER MICE -- HOMING IN TREE SWALLOWS -- HOMING IN SMALL MAMMALS -- DEVELOPMENT IN TREE SWALLOWS -- MAXIMAL AEROBIC METABOLISM IN CHICKADEES AND DEER MICE -- COMMON LIMITATIONS OF SUBSTUDIES -- Integration of Exposure Assessment Into Experimental Biologic Design and Statistical Treatment of Data -- Experiments with Statistical Power Too Low to Yield Meaningful Information -- CONCLUSIONS -- LITTER DECOMPOSITION AND MICROFLORA -- PROJECT PROPOSAL -- SPECIES AND SYSTEM SELECTION -- Litter Decay -- Mycorhizal-Associated Streptomycete Populations -- Root Pathogens -- SELECTION OF RESPONSE VARIABLES -- Litter Decomposition -- Streptomycetes -- Armillaria -- EXPERIMENT DESIGN -- Biologic and Ecological Sampling Techniques -- Physical and Chemical Measurements -- Statistical Methods -- RESPONSE TO REVIEW -- PRESENTATION OF RESULTS.

Consideration of Alternative Analyses -- Interpretation -- Litter Decomposition -- CONCLUSIONS -- UPLAND FLORA -- PROJECT PROPOSAL -- SPECIES OR SYSTEM SELECTION -- SELECTION OF RESPONSE VARIABLES -- EXPERIMENT DESIGN -- Biologic and Ecological Sampling Techniques -- Physical and Chemical Measurements -- Statistical Methods -- RESPONSE TO REVIEW -- PRESENTATION OF RESULTS -- Consideration of Alternative Hypotheses -- Interpretation -- CONCLUSIONS -- Validity -- Uncertainties -- AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS -- PROJECT PROPOSAL -- SPECIES AND SYSTEM SELECTION -- SELECTION OF RESPONSE VARIABLES -- Periphyton -- Insect Response -- Fish Abundance and Movement -- EXPERIMENT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION -- PRESENTATION OF RESULTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- Validity -- Uncertainties -- POLLINATING INSECTS -- PROJECT PROPOSAL -- SPECIES SELECTION -- SELECTION OF RESPONSE VARIABLES -- EXPERIMENT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION -- Biologic and Ecological Sampling Techniques -- Physical Measurements -- Statistical Methods -- Quality Assurance and Quality Control -- Exposure Assessment -- RESPONSE TO REVIEW -- PRESENTATION OF RESULTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- Validity -- Uncertainties -- Summary -- SOIL ARTHROPODS AND EARTHWORMS -- PROJECT PROPOSAL -- SPECIES AND SYSTEM SELECTION -- Soil and Litter Arthropods -- Surface-Active Arthropods -- Earthworm Field Populations -- Earthworm Growth and Reproduction in Incubation Bags -- Litter Inputs -- Litter Decomposition -- SELECTION OF RESPONSE VARIABLES -- EXPERIMENT DESIGN -- Biologic and Ecological Sampling Techniques -- Physical and Chemical Measurements -- Statistical Methods -- PRESENTATION OF RESULTS -- Consideration of Alternative Analyses -- Interpretation -- CONCLUSIONS -- SOIL AMEBAS -- PROJECT PROPOSAL -- SPECIES SELECTION -- SELECTION OF RESPONSE VARIABLES -- EXPERIMENT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION -- Biologic Sampling Techniques.

Physical Measurements and Sites -- Statistical Methods -- CONCLUSIONS -- 4 Common Issues -- USE OF EXPOSURE DATA BY ECOLOGICAL MONITORING TEAMS -- ELF-EMF CHARACTERIZATIONS AT WETLANDS SITE -- USE OF MAGNETIC-FIELD INTENSITY AS A ''DOSE" AT UPLAND-FLORA SITE -- CONCLUSIONS REGARDING USE OF EXPOSURE DATA -- STUDY-SITE SELECTION -- THE PRACTICAL PROBLEM OF SITE SELECTION -- ADJUSTING THE RESEARCH PLAN TO PROBLEMS WITH SITE SELECTION -- CONCLUSIONS REGARDING SITE SELECTION -- PSEUDOREPLICATION -- SPECIES SELECTION -- STUDY SPECIES -- CONCLUSIONS REGARDING SPECIES SELECTION -- RESPONSE-VARIABLE SELECTION -- CRITERIA FOR RESPONSE SELECTION -- WEAKNESS IN THE GENERAL RESEARCH DESIGN FOR RESPONSE VARIABLES -- CONCLUSIONS REGARDING RESPONSE-VARIABLE SELECTION -- STATISTICAL POWER -- RESPONSE TO REVIEWS AND CRITIQUES -- APPROPRIATENESS OF INTERPRETATION -- DIFFERENT METHODS FOR SIMILAR ORGANISMS -- LACK OF INTEGRATION AMONG STUDIES AND SYNTHESIS OF INFORMATION -- SELECTION OF PROJECTS -- SELECTION OF STUDY SITES -- CONCLUSIONS REGARDING INTEGRATION OF STUDIES AND SYNTHESIS OF INFORMATION -- DATA ARCHIVING -- 5 Overall Conclusions and Recommendations -- ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS -- IITRI'S ENGINEERING SUPPORT AND PROGRAM MANAGEMENT -- CHARACTERIZING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS -- PROGRAM MANAGEMENT -- RECOMMENDATION -- DO NOT REPEAT THE MONITORING STUDIES -- SUGGESTED NEXT STEPS -- REANALYSIS OF THE EXPOSURE-ASSESSMENT DATA -- CONTROLLED LABORATORY STUDIES OF VARIABLES THAT TENDED TO SHOW MEASURABLE EFFECTS -- ANY REANALYSIS OR LABORATORY STUDIES SHOULD BE REVIEWED INDEPENDENTLY -- SUMMARY -- References -- Appendix A Biographic Information on Committee Members -- Appendix B Calculations of Induced Electric Fields -- INTRODUCTION -- THEORETICAL MODEL -- NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS -- INSECTS AND BIRDS AND OTHER SMALL VERTEBRATES -- HARDWOOD-TREE STANDS -- SUMMARY.