Fire Suppression Substitutes and Alternatives to Halon for U.S. Navy Applications -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- APPROACH AND SCOPE OF STUDY -- KEY FINDINGS -- CONTENTS OF THIS REPORT -- 1 Introduction -- REFERENCES -- 2 Assessment of Research on Alternatives for Halon -- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN EVALUATING ALTERNATIVE FIRE SUPPRESSION AGENTS -- Fire Suppression Models-Chemical and Physical Mechanisms -- Manufacturability of Commercially Available Halocarbon Fire Suppression Agents -- Synthesis of Alternative Fire Suppression Agents -- Effectiveness of Alternative Commercially Available Fire Suppression Agents -- TOXICOLOGY ISSUES -- BRIEF OVERVIEW OF STUDIES ON HALON SUBSTITUTES AND MECHANISMS -- FINDINGS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Atmospheric Chemistry and Evaluation of Environmental Effects of Fire Suppressants -- REDUCTION OF OZONE-MECHANISMS AND EFFECTS -- ATMOSPHERIC LIFETIME, OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL, AND GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL AS INDICATORS OF... -- Atmospheric Lifetime -- Potential Effects on Ozone -- Effectiveness of Chlorine and Bromine in Ozone Destruction -- How Much Have Halons Affected Stratospheric Ozone? -- Ozone Depletion Potential -- Potential Effects on Climate -- Radiative Forcing -- Relative Radiative Forcing per Molecule or Mass -- What Effects Could Replacements for Halons Have on Climatic Change? -- Global Warming Potential -- Summary -- OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS -- Estimating Atmospheric Concentrations of Intermediate Degradation Products -- Estimating the Concentrations of the Intermediate Products on the Ground -- Degradation Pathways for Candidate Alternative Fire Extinguishing Agents -- Degradation Pathways for Halomethanes and Haloethanes -- Degradation Schemes for Halopropanes -- Atmospheric Degradation of Perfluorocarbons.

Assessment of the Environmental Impacts-ODP and GWP-of the Intermediate Products -- Accumulation of Degradation Products in the Biosphere -- REFERENCES -- 4 Navy-Specific Issues -- SHIP SYSTEMS -- Summary of Halon 1301 Ship Installations -- Investment in Ship Halon Systems -- Fire Extinguishing Systems for New-Design Ships -- HFC-227ea -- Water Mist -- AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS -- Summary of Halon 1301 Aircraft Installations -- Investment in Aircraft Halon 1301 Systems -- Fire Extinguishing Systems for New-Design Aircraft -- HFC-125 -- Inert Gas Generator Technology -- F/A-18E/F Engine Nacelle/Dry Bay -- V-22 Midwing Protection -- Inert Gas Generator Development Summary -- NAVY HALON INVENTORY -- RETROFITTING NON-HALON SYSTEMS IN EXISTING SHIPS AND AIRCRAFT -- Ship Retrofit -- HFC-227ea Systems -- Water Mist Systems -- Technical Feasibility and Cost -- Aircraft Retrofit -- SUMMARY, FINDINGS, AND RECOMMENDATION -- Options -- Recommendation -- Appendix A Halon Use by the Navy -- WHY HALON? A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW -- Ships -- Aircraft -- SHIP FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS -- Machinery Space Fires -- Extinguishing Systems -- Halons -- Aqueous Film-Forming Foam -- Other Fire Fighting Measures -- How a Shipboard Halon 1301 System Works -- Shipboard Spaces Where Halon 1301 Systems Are Installed -- AIRCRAFT FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS -- Fires Aboard Aircraft -- Typical Halon 1301 Aircraft Engine Fire Extinguishing System -- Appendix B Regulation of Halon and Halon Replacements -- U.S. REGULATION OF HALONS AND HALON SUBSTITUTES -- ALTERNATIVES TO USE OF HALONS -- HALON BANG -- REFERENCES -- Appendix C Stability and Materials Compatibility of Candidate Replacements for Halon -- STORAGE STABILITY -- EFFECTS OF HALON-LIKE ALTERNATIVE AGENTS ON ORGANIC MATERIALS AND METALS -- Storage Considerations -- Effects on Plastics and Other Organic Materials.

Effects of Discharged Agents on Metals -- REFERENCES -- Appendix D Water Mist Fire Suppression Technology -- THEORETICAL AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS -- RECENT TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES -- Misting/Atomization Technology -- U.S. Navy Water Mist Technology -- Commercial Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems -- EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF WATER MIST SYSTEMS -- Naval Research Laboratory, Small Compartment Testing -- Naval Research Laboratory, Machinery Space Testing -- U.S. Coast Guard, Machinery Space Testing -- Factory Mutual Gas Turbine Enclosure Testing -- National Research Council of Canada -- Sintef (Norway) -- CURRENT STATUS OF WATER MIST SYSTEMS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix E Glossary.