A New Science Strategy for Space Astronomy and Astrophysics -- Copyright -- Foreword -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1 Framework of This Study -- ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIP TO DECADAL SURVEYS -- RELATIONSHIP TO THE SPACE STUDIES BOARD'S OTHER SPACE SCIENCE STRATEGIES -- APPROACH TO PRIORITIZATION -- ASSUMPTIONS -- RELATED CONCERNS -- International Cooperation -- Technology Development -- ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 Planets, Star Formation, and the Interstellar Medium -- KEY THEMES -- FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF PLANETARY SYSTEMS -- Key Questions About the Formation and Evolution of Planets -- Recent Progress in Understanding the Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems -- Future Directions for Understanding the Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems -- Ground- vs. Space-Based Observations -- Theoretical Studies -- FORMATION OF STARS FROM THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM -- Key Questions About Star Formation -- Recent Progress in Understanding Star Formation -- Future Directions for Understanding Star Formation -- EVOLUTION OF THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM IN GALAXIES -- Key Questions About the Evolution of the Interstellar Medium -- Recent Progress in Understanding the Evolution of the Interstellar Medium -- Future Directions in Understanding the Evolution of the Interstellar Medium -- CONCLUSIONS -- 3 Stars and Stellar Evolution -- KEY THEMES -- LIFE CYCLES OF STARS -- Key Questions About Stellar Evolution -- Recent Progress in Understanding Stellar Evolution -- Pre-Main Sequence Stars -- Stellar Dynamos and Chromospheres -- White Dwarfs -- Supernovae -- Neutron Stars -- Black Holes -- Future Directions for Understanding Stellar Evolution -- ORIGIN OF THE ELEMENTS -- Key Questions About the Origin of the Elements -- Recent Progress in Understanding the Origin of the Elements -- Mixing -- Mass Loss -- Supernovae.

Future Directions for Understanding the Origin of the Elements -- BEHAVIOR OF MATTER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS -- Key Questions About the Behavior of Matter Under Extreme Conditions -- Recent Progress in Understanding the Behavior of Matter Under Extreme Conditions -- Equation of State of Neutron Stars -- Pulsars -- Strong Gravity -- Jets -- Future Directions for Understanding the Behavior of Matter Under Extreme Conditions -- STARS AS PROBES: MEASURING THE UNIVERSE -- Key Questions About Stars as Probes -- Recent Progress in Understanding Stars as Probes -- Distance Scales -- Stellar Evolution and Age Scales -- Dynamics -- Dark Matter -- Future Directions for Understanding Stars as Probes -- CONCLUSIONS -- 4 Galaxies and Stellar Systems -- KEY THEMES -- DEVELOPMENT OF PRESENT-DAY STRUCTURES -- Key Questions About the Development of Present-Day Structures -- Recent Progress in Understanding the Development of Structures -- Future Directions for Understanding the Development of Structures -- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE UNIVERSE -- Key Questions About Chemical Composition -- Recent Progress in Understanding the Chemical Composition -- Future Directions for Understanding Chemical Composition -- DARK MATTER -- Key Questions About Dark Matter -- Recent Progress in Understanding Dark Matter -- Future Directions for Understanding Dark Matter -- BARYONS OUTSIDE OF GALAXIES -- Key Questions About Baryons Outside of Galaxies -- Recent Progress in Understanding Baryons Outside of Galaxies -- Future Directions for Understanding Baryons Outside of Galaxies -- SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES AND QUASAR POWER SOURCES -- Key Questions About Supermassive Black Holes and Quasar Power Sources -- Recent Progress in Understanding Supermassive Black Holes and Quasar Power Sources -- Future Directions for Understanding Supermassive Black Holes and Quasar Power Sources.

CONCLUSIONS -- 5 Cosmology and Fundamental Physics -- KEY THEMES -- ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE -- Key Questions About the Origin and Evolution of the Universe -- Origin and Evolution of Structure -- Origin of the Universe -- Recent Progress in Understanding the Origin and Evolution of the Universe -- Future Directions for Understanding the Origin and Evolution of the Universe -- CONTENTS OF THE UNIVERSE -- Key Questions About the Contents of the Universe -- Dark Matter -- Ordinary Matter -- Matter and Antimatter -- Other Constituents -- Recent Developments in Understanding the Contents of the Universe -- Future Directions for Understanding the Contents of the Universe -- NEW ASTROPHYSICAL WINDOWS AND COSMIC MYSTERIES -- Key Questions About New Astrophysical Windows and Cosmic Mysteries -- Recent Developments in Understanding New Windows and Cosmic Mysteries -- Future Directions for Understanding New Astrophysical Windows and Cosmic Mysteries -- CONCLUSIONS -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Glossary.