Energy-Efficient Technologies for the Dismounted Soldier -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- ACRONYMS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- Executive Summary -- LAND WARRIOR AND DISMOUNTED SOLDIER REQUIREMENTS -- APPLICABLE TECHNOLOGY AREAS -- Energy Sources and Systems -- Low Power Electronics and Design -- Communications, Computers, Displays, and Sensors -- Networks, Protocols, and Operations -- ADVANCED CONCEPTS -- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCE -- 1 Introduction -- APPLICABLE TECHNOLOGY AREAS -- STUDY APPROACH -- REPORT ORGANIZATION -- ASSUMPTIONS -- SUPERIORITY THROUGH TECHNOLOGY -- 2 Requirements and Needs -- IMPACT OF DIGITIZATION -- OPERATIONAL FACTORS -- THE ARMY AFTER NEXT -- FINDINGS -- 3 Energy Sources and Systems -- ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES -- Rechargeable Batteries -- Fueled Systems -- Fuel Cells -- Heat Engines and Electromechanical Energy Converters -- Thermoelectric Conversion -- Alkali-Metal Thermal-to-Electrical Energy Converter (AMTEC) -- Nuclear Energy Sources -- Human-Powered Systems -- Photovoltaic Technology -- Thermophotovoltaics -- Electrochemical Capacitors -- Hybrid Systems -- POWER FOR MICROCLIMATE COOLING -- Technology Forecast -- Key Research Issues -- FINDINGS -- 4 Low Power Electronics and Design -- DESIGN REQUIREMENTS -- Digital Guidelines -- System Architecture -- Analog and Radio Frequency Design -- Examples of Circuit Design -- DESIGN AIDS FOR LOW POWER INTEGRATED CIRCUITS -- Behavioral and Architectural Level Design -- Logic Level Design -- Circuit Level Design -- Physical Level Design -- Meeting Unique Army Requirements -- INDUSTRY TRENDS -- Purpose -- Challenges -- Improved Productivity -- Managing Complexity -- Advanced Technology -- Funding -- Military and Commercial Synergy -- THEORETICAL LIMITS ON LOW POWER ELECTRONICS -- INDUSTRY CONSENSUS.

Centers for Low Power Electronics -- International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design -- DARPA Low Power Electronics Program -- FINDINGS -- 5 Communications, Computers, Displays, and Sensors -- TRENDS IN DESIGNING COMMERCIAL PORTABLE EQUIPMENT -- COMMUNICATIONS -- Power Objectives -- Transmitter Energy Consumption -- COMPUTERS -- Land Warrior Computer -- General-Purpose Computing Trends -- Customized and General-Purpose Architectures -- Design of a Low Power Soldier Terminal Using Embedded Systems -- Computing System Partitioning for Low Power -- User Interfaces -- DISPLAYS -- Requirements -- Helmet-Mounted Display -- Weapon-Mounted Display -- Hand-Held Display -- Current and Future Technology -- Helmet-Mounted Display -- Weapon-Mounted Display -- Hand-Held Display -- Future Research and Development -- SENSORS -- Microelectromechanical Systems -- Infrared Sensor Arrays -- Temperature Stabilization -- Future Research and Development -- Ultra Low-Power Electronics for the Sensor Interface -- Research and Development -- Laser Detectors -- Research and Development -- Laser Rangefinders and Infrared Pointer Technology -- Laser Rangefinder -- Infrared Pointer -- Research and Development -- Global Positioning System -- Research and Development -- Wireless Communication Interfaces -- Current and Future Technology -- FINDINGS -- Communications -- Computing -- Displays and Sensors -- 6 Networks, Protocols, and Operations -- WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES AND LIMITATIONS -- LAND WARRIOR SYSTEM -- NETWORKS AND PROTOCOLS -- Hybrid "Virtual" Peer-to-Peer Network Architecture -- Multihop Network Architectures -- SELECTING A SUITABLE COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGY -- NETWORK ARCHITECTURES ABOVE THE SOLDIER LEVEL -- NONTERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS AND ARCHITECTURES -- Mobile Satellite Systems -- Direct Broadcast Satellite Systems and Architectures.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems and Architectures -- OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS -- FINDINGS -- 7 Advanced Concepts -- COMPARING LAND WARRIOR WITH COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGY -- Compact Energy Sources -- Commercial Electronic Systems -- The Crisis -- USING COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE LAND WARRIOR SYSTEM -- Computer -- Displays and Sensors -- Radio Communications -- DESIGNING A SYSTEM FOR LOW ENERGY CONSUMPTION -- Energy Requirements for Analog Processing and Analog Devices -- Energy Requirements for Digital Computation -- Energy Requirements for Data Transmission -- PARADIGM SHIFTS -- Energy Strategy -- System Design -- Use of Commercial Technology -- 8 Research Objectives -- ENERGY SOURCES AND SYSTEMS -- Rechargeable Batteries -- Chargers and State-of-Charge Devices -- Aqueous Systems -- Lithium Systems -- Fuel Cells -- Advanced Fueled Systems -- Microturbines -- Thermophotovoltaic Systems -- Hybrid Systems -- Human-Powered Systems -- LOW POWER ELECTRONICS AND DESIGN -- Circuit Design Tools for Minimizing Power Requirements -- Architectural Design Level Tools -- Packaging Techniques for Minimizing Interconnects -- Submicron Lithography -- Optimizing Device Design -- Design Methodologies for Army "Systems on a Chip" -- COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS, DISPLAYS, AND SENSORS -- Terminal Equipment Architectures for Optimizing Energy Consumption -- Component and Human-Computer Interfaces -- Ultra Low Power Displays and Sensors -- Multimodal and Adaptive Communication Circuits -- Evolution of Hardware and Software -- NETWORKS, PROTOCOLS, AND OPERATIONS -- Wireless Battlefield Communications Network -- Extending the Range of the Dismounted Soldier -- Sensors and Software for Power Management -- Models for Optimizing Energy Efficiency -- Propagation Characteristics and Antenna Design -- IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES -- Wireless Battlefield Communications Network.

Models for Optimizing Energy Efficiency -- Advanced Fueled Systems -- FINDINGS -- 9 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Appendices -- Appendix A Meetings and Activities -- Appendix B Sample Estimate of Operational Requirements for Land Warrior -- REFERENCES -- Appendix C Energy Source Technologies -- BATTERIES -- Systems Likely to Meet the Needs of the Dismounted Soldier -- Rechargeable Alkaline Electrolyte Systems -- Rechargeable Lithium Systems -- Other Systems -- Charging, Safety, and Testing -- Necessary Technical Improvements -- Aqueous Systems -- Rechargeable Lithium Cells -- Chargers and State-of-Charge Devices -- FUEL CELLS -- State of the Art -- Problems -- Opportunities for Improvement -- HEAT ENGINES WITH ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERTERS -- Technical Considerations -- Key Research Issues -- THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS -- Technical Aspects -- Key Research Issues -- ALKALI-METAL THERMAL-TO-ELECTRIC CONVERTER -- Technical Description -- Key Research Issues -- NUCLEAR ENERGY POWER SOURCES -- Generic Radioisotope Power Systems -- Key Research Issues -- HUMAN-POWERED SYSTEMS -- Technical Discussion -- Key Research Issues -- PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY -- Cells -- Silicon -- Gallium Arsenide -- Indium Phosphide Cells -- Multibandgap Solar Cells -- Thin-Film Cells -- Arrays -- Planar Arrays -- Concentrator Arrays -- Key Research Issues -- THERMOPHOTOVOLTAICS -- State of the Art -- Key Research Issues -- ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS -- Particle Bed Chemical Double Layer Capacitor -- Pseudocapacitors -- Equivalent Parallel Resistance -- Key Research Issues -- HYBRID SYSTEMS -- Fueled System and Battery Hybrid -- Battery and Electrochemical Capacitor -- Key Research Issues -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Appendix D Future Directions for Low Power Electronics -- THEORETICAL LIMITS -- Fundamental Limits -- Material Limits.

Performance Limits on Devices -- Limits on Circuits -- Limits on Systems -- Practical Limits -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Appendix E Wearable Speech-Operated Computer.