Identifying Future Drinking Water Contaminants -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Committee Report A Conceptual Approach for the Development of Future Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List -- LIMITATIONS OF THE FIRST CCL DEVELOPMENT PROCESS -- IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING CONTAMINANTS FOR FUTURE CCLS -- A Broad Approach -- Culling the Universe to Create a PCCL -- Generating the CCL from the PCCL -- Characteristics of an Ideal Prioritization Tool -- Review of Existing Hazard Ranking Approaches -- Cadmus Risk Index Approach -- Interagency Testing Committee Approach -- Waste Minimization Prioritization Tool -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 1 Historical Overview of Drinking Water Contaminants and Public Water Utilities -- LONDON, NINETEENTH CENTURY -- UNITED STATES, TWENTIETH CENTURY -- THE CHEMICAL REVOLUTION -- THE MICROBIAL REVIVAL -- RETURN OF TRACE CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS -- THE CHALLENGE -- REFERENCES -- 2 Emerging Drinking Water Contaminants: Overview and Role of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program -- NAWQA DESIGN -- Overview of Study-Unit Investigations -- Sampling Design for Surface Water and Groundwater -- Rivers and Streams -- Groundwater -- Selection of Target Analytes -- Identification of Emerging Contaminants -- SELECTED FINDINGS -- Individual Study Units -- National Synthesis: Pesticides in Surface Water and Groundwater -- VOCs in Ground Water -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 3 CDC Perspective on Emerging Chemical Contaminants in Drinking Water -- CDC'S EXPERTISE -- Epidemiology -- Biomonitoring -- Surveillance -- PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH -- CURRENT NCEH ACTIVITIES WITH EMERGING CONTAMINANTS -- MTBE -- DBPS -- Endocrine Disrupters -- CAFO Issues -- Infrastructure Issues -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES.

4 Past and Future Strategies for Sorting and Ranking Chemicals: Applications to the 1998 Drinking Water Contaminant… -- EPA'S RESPONSIBILITIES -- COMMITTEE ON DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANTS -- PAST TECHNIQUES FOR PRIORITIZING CHEMICALS -- Techniques Reviewed by the Committee on Drinking Water Contaminants -- Schemes to Prioritize Drinking Water Contaminants -- Schemes to Prioritize All Contaminants -- Schemes to Prioritize Contaminants for Specific Media -- Other Techniques -- FUTURE PROCEDURES FOR SORTING AND RANKING CHEMICALS -- 1998 DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANT CANDIDATE LIST -- TSCA Interagency Testing Committee (ITC) -- ITC Decisions for the 1998 CCL Chemicals -- TSCA Section 4 and 8(d) Studies Indexed in the TSCA Test Submissions (TSCATS) Database -- Uses and Substructure-Based Computerized Chemical Selection Expert System (SuCCSES) Chemical Classes for the 1998 CCL… -- Log Octanol Water Partition Coefficient (log Kow) Values, Soil or Sediment Sorption Coefficient (Koc) Values, and Henry's… -- APPLICATION OF PAST CHEMICAL SORTING TECHNIQUES TO THE 1998 CCL CHEMICALS -- APPLICATION OF PAST CHEMICAL RANKING TECHNIQUES TO THE 1998 CCL CHEMICALS -- Exposure Scores -- Effects Scores -- APPLICATION OF FUTURE CHEMICAL SORTING PROCEDURES TO THE 1998 CCL CHEMICALS -- APPLICATION OF FUTURE CHEMICAL RANKING PROCEDURES TO THE 1998 CCL CHEMICALS -- IDENTIFICATION OF FUTURE CCL CHEMICALS -- ALGORITHMS, WEIGHTING, AND SCALING FACTORS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Sorting And Screening of Potential Drinking Water Contaminants: New and Existing Chemicals Under the Toxic Substances… -- NEW CHEMICALS -- Notification Requirements -- EPA Evaluation -- Section 5(e) Consent Orders -- SNURS -- Accomplishments -- EU/U.S. Structure Activity Relationship/Minimum Premarketing Dataset Study -- Persistent/Bioaccumulative/Toxic (PBT) New Chemicals -- EXISTING CHEMICALS.

Existing Chemical Testing -- Testing Actions -- TSCA Section 4 Final Test Rule for EPA's Office of Drinking Water -- Existing Chemical Assessment -- Chemical Hazard Data Availability Study -- HPV Challenge Program -- TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY -- APPROACHES TO SORTING AND SCREENING INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS AS DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANTS -- New Chemicals -- Existing Chemicals -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 6 Emerging Chemical Drinking Water Contaminants -- HERBICIDE DEGRADATES -- PHARMACEUTICALS -- ANTIBIOTICS -- HIGH PRODUCTION VOLUME CHEMICALS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 7 New and Emerging Analytical Techniques for the Detection of Organic Contaminants in Water -- ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES -- Basic Analytical Approaches -- SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION METHODS -- Sampling Considerations -- Liquid-Liquid and Solid-Phase Extraction -- Concentration by Semipermeable Membranes -- Derivatization -- INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS -- Fractionation and Separation -- Mass Spectrometry -- Identification of Chiral Compounds -- EXAMPLES -- Pharmaceuticals -- Antibiotics -- Hormones and Contraceptives -- Drug and Drug Metabolites -- Pesticides -- Surfactants -- Aliphatic Alcohol Polyethoxylates -- Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (LAS) and Alkylphenol Polyethoxylates (APEO) -- Industrial Additives and Chelating Agents -- Taste and Odor Compounds -- Disinfection Byproducts -- Gasoline Additives -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Methods to Identify and Detect Microbial Contaminants in Drinking Water -- PURPOSE -- ANALYSIS -- Need for a Risk-Based Approach -- Adapting Quantitative Risk Assessment to Recognize, Identify, Prioritize, and Characterize Drinking Water Pathogens -- Human Pathogens in Water: Classification, Sources, and Properties -- Viruses -- Bacteria -- Protozoan Parasites -- Methods for Detecting Pathogenic Microbes in Water.

Introduction -- Initial Recovery and Concentration of Pathogens from Water -- Sedimentation by Centrifugation -- Filtration -- Initial Recovery and Concentration of Pathogens from Water by Chemical Precipitation Methods -- Other Primary Recovery and Concentration Methods -- Purification Methods for Waterborne Pathogens -- Assay Methods for Waterborne Pathogens -- Introduction -- Culture or Infectivity Assays for Bacteria -- Detection of Stressed, Injured, and Viable-But-Nonculturable (VBNC) Bacteria -- Detection of Viral Pathogens by Culture -- Detection of Protozoan Parasites by Culture -- Combined Cell Culture and Nucleic Acid Detection and Amplification of Waterborne Pathogens -- Detection of Waterborne Pathogens by Viability or Activity Assays -- Detection of Waterborne Pathogens by Nucleic Acid Methods -- Nucleic Acid Amplification -- Sample Preparation for Pathogen Detection in Water by Nucleic Acid Methods -- Microscopic and Analytical Imaging Methods to Detect Waterborne Pathogens -- Immunoassays to Detect Pathogens in Water -- Signature Biolipid and Other Biochemical Detection Methods -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 Biofilms in Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Significance and Control -- FACTORS RELATED TO COLIFORM OCCURRENCES -- Filtration -- Temperature -- Disinfectant Residual and Disinfectant Level -- AOC Level -- Corrosion Control and Pipe Materials -- PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOFILM CONTROL -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 11 New and Emerging Drinking Water Treatment Technologies -- TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS -- TECHNOLOGIES EVALUATED -- Membrane Filtration Technology -- Low-Pressure Membranes -- High-Pressure Membranes -- Two-Stage Membrane Filtration -- Summary -- Ultraviolet Irradiation Technology -- Limited Information on Giardia and Cryptosporidium Inactivation Capability.

No Significant Oxidation Capability -- Operational Challenges -- Severely Impaired by Particulate Matter -- Limited Process Reliability -- Advanced Oxidation Technology -- Ozone -- Ozone with Hydrogen Peroxide Addition -- UV Irradiation with Hydrogen Peroxide Addition -- Ion Exchange Technology -- Biological Filtration -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 12 Emerging Drinking Water Contaminant Databases: A European Perspective -- BACKGROUND -- The Rhine Catchment Area -- Drinking Water Production in Western and Central Europe -- Monitoring and Databases in Western Europe -- THE STRATEGIC POSITION OF DATABASES -- A DATABASE FOR WHOM? -- CONTENTS AND USES OF DATABASES -- "DECISION MAKERS" AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITY -- FORM DATA TO INFORMATION -- Short- and Long-Term Questions -- Data Collection: Systematic or Pragmatic Approach -- DESIGN OF DATABASES: HISTORY AND MODERN DEVELOPMENTS -- Old-Style Database Design -- New-Style Database Design -- DATABASE OF THE ASSOCIATIONS OF RHINE AND MEUSE WATERWORKS (RIWA) -- Delivery of Raw Data -- NEW DEMANDS FOR DATABASES -- For New Contaminants -- Biological Databases -- Databases for Screening Purposes -- How Many Databases Are Necessary? -- FROM DATA TO INFORMATION -- SUMMARY -- Appendix Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff -- STAFF.