Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS: INTRODUCTION -- SUMMARY OF REPORT ON GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SMACS -- REVIEW OF SMAC REPORTS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix A Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants: Executive... -- GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SPACE STATION CONTAMINANTS ... -- ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEM -- MODIFICATION OF CONTAMINANT TOXICITY BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS -- SOURCES AND TYPES OF DATA FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF SMACS -- Chemical-Physical Characteristics of Toxicants -- In Vitro Toxicity Studies -- Animal Toxicity Studies -- Clinical and Epidemiological Observations -- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism -- Biological Markers -- RISK ASSESSMENT (DEVELOPMENT OF EXPOSURE CRITERIA) -- ISSUES IN MAKING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SMACS -- Appendix B Reports on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants -- B1 ACETONE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Excretion -- Metabolism -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- General -- Irritation -- Immunological and Hematological Effects -- CNS Toxicity -- Ataxia and Narcosis -- Pulmonary Function and Cardiotoxicity -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Carcinogenicity -- Genotoxicity -- Reproductive Effects in Humans -- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity in Animals -- Interaction with Other Chemicals -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Irritation -- Explosion -- CNS Effects -- Reproductive Effects -- Spaceflight Considerations -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES.

B2 C3 TO C8 ALIPHATIC SATURATED ALDEHYDES -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Excretion -- Metabolism -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Carcinogenicity -- Genotoxicity -- Developmental Toxicity -- Reproductive Toxicity -- Interactions with Other Chemicals -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Mucosal Irritation -- Nasal-Cavity Injury -- Potential Liver Injury -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- B3 HYDROGEN CHLORIDE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Absorption -- Metabolism -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute or Short-Term Exposures -- Irritation to the Respiratory System -- Human Studies -- Animal Studies -- Morphological Injuries to the Respiratory System -- In Vitro Studies -- Human Data -- Animal Data -- Functional Injuries to the Respiratory System -- Systemic Injuries outside the Respiratory system -- Death -- Effect on Exercise Ability -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Toxicity of HCl in the Respiratory Tract -- Human Studies -- Animal Studies -- Systemic Toxicity of HCl -- Lack of Carcinogenic Response -- Human Studies -- Animal Studies -- Genotoxicity -- Developmental Toxicity -- Interaction with Other Chemicals -- Summary -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- 1-h and 24-h ACs -- 7-d, 30-d, and 180-d ACs -- AC Based on Human Exposure Data -- AC Based on Animal Data -- AC Summary Table -- REFERENCES -- B4 ISOPRENE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Metabolism -- Excretion -- Comparative Toxicokinetics -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute Exposures -- Short-Term Exposures -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Epidemiological Data.

Animal Data on Noncancer End Points -- Carcinogenicity -- Genotoxicity -- Developmental Toxicity -- Reproductive Toxicity -- Interactions with Other Chemicals -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Perspective Provided by Comparison to 1,3-Butadiene -- Short-Term Limits (1-h or 24-h Exposure) -- Acute Neurotoxicity -- Mucosal Irritation -- Lesions of the Forestomach -- Long-Term Exposure Limits (7- to 180-d Exposures) -- Mucosal Irritation -- Neurotoxicity -- Hematological Changes -- Liver Effects and Tumors -- Respiratory-System Injury -- Forestomach Epithelial Hyperplasia -- Testicular Injury -- Endogenous Production of Isoprene -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- B5 METHYLHYDRAZINE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Metabolism -- Excretion -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- Noninhalation Exposures -- Acute Inhalation Toxicity -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Carcinogenicity -- Genotoxicity -- Reproductive Toxicity -- Developmental Toxicity -- Interaction with Other Chemicals -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Nasal Injury -- Carcinogenesis -- Effects on Red Blood Cells -- REFERENCES -- B6 PERFLUOROPROPANE AND OTHER ALIPHATIC PERFLUOROALKANES -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Toxicokinetics -- Metabolism -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute Exposures -- General Toxicity -- Cardiac Effects -- Short-Term and Subchronic Exposures -- Genotoxicity -- EXPOSURE LIMITS -- Exposure Limits Set by Other Organizations -- Nasa Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS (ACS) FOR EXPOSURES -- ACs Based on the CNS Effects of the Acute Exposure Studies -- ACs Based on Cardiac Effects -- ACs Based on Subchronic Animal Exposure Data.

SMACs for Other Volatile Perfluoroalkanes -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- B7 POLYDIMETHYLCYCLOSILOXANES -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Elimination -- Metabolism -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane -- Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane -- Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane -- Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane -- Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane -- Carcinogenicity -- Genotoxicity -- Reproductive Toxicology -- Developmental Toxicity -- Interactions with Other Chemicals -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Possible Liver Injury -- Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane -- Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane -- Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- B8 DICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE (FREON 21) -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- UPTAKE, METABOLISM, AND TOXICOKINETICS -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- CNS Effects -- Lethality -- Respiratory and Bronchopulmonary Effects -- Heart and Circulatory System Effects -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Respiratory Toxicity -- Hepatotoxicity -- Pancreatic Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Carcinogenicity -- Lethality -- Genotoxicity -- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity -- Spaceflight Effects -- Synergistic Effects -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- CNS Depression -- Cardiovascular Effects -- Hepatotoxicity -- REFERENCES -- B9 CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE (FREON 22) -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- UPTAKE, METABOLISM, AND TOXICOKINETICS -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Excretion -- Metabolism -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- Lethality -- Cardiac Arrhythmia -- CNS Effects -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures.

Endurance and Oxygen Consumption -- Decreased Weight Gain -- Histopathological Effects -- Effects on Reflexes -- Carcinogenicity -- Genotoxicity -- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity -- Spaceflight Effects -- Synergistic Effects -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Cardiac Sensitization to Arrhythmias -- CNS Depression -- Pathology, Endurance, and Reflexes -- Carcinogenicity -- REFERENCES -- B10 TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE (FREON 11) -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- UPTAKE, METABOLISM, AND EXCRETION -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- Cardiac Effects -- Respiratory Effects -- CNS Effects -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Carcinogenicity -- Genotoxicity -- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity -- Spaceflight Effects -- Interaction with Other Chemicals -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Cardiac Sensitization to Arrhythmia -- Respiratory Effects -- CNS Effects -- REFERENCES -- B11 DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE (FREON 12) -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- UPTAKE, METABOLISM, AND TOXICOKINETICS -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- Cardiac Arrhythmia -- Respiratory Effects -- CNS Effects -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Carcinogenicity -- Genotoxicity -- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity -- Spaceflight Effects -- Synergistic Effects -- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS -- Cardiac Sensitization to Arrhythmias -- Respiratory Effects -- REFERENCES -- B12 4-METHYL-2-PENTANONE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Metabolism -- Excretion -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Exposures -- Mucosal Irritation -- CNS Effects and Death -- Renal Effects -- Hepatic Effect -- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures -- Hypercholesterolemia.

Renal Effects.