Antarctic Treaty System An Assessment -- Copyright -- Contents -- OVERVIEW -- 1. Workshop on the Antarctic Treaty System: Overview -- TRENDS IN DEBATE AT THE WORKSHOP -- IDEAS AND SUGGESTIONS PUT FORWARD -- THE ANTARCTIC SETTING -- NOTES -- References -- INTRODUCTION -- 2. Antarctica Prior to the Antarctic Treaty-A Historical Perspective -- EARLY NOTIONS -- THE ROUTES OPEN -- REDUCTION TO SIZE -- EXPLOITATION-THE SEALS -- SCIENCE AND NATIONAL INTERESTS -- BECAUSE IT IS THERE -- EXPLOITATION-THE WHALES -- THE MODERN ERA -- THE INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR, 1957-1958 -- References -- 3. Juridical Nature of the 1959 Treaty System -- PEACEFUL USE -- SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION -- INSPECTION -- CONSULTATIVE MEETINGS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- ADDITIONAL CONVENTIONS -- LEGAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND -- 4. Antarctica Prior to the Antarctic Treaty: A Political and Legal Perspective -- Bibliography -- 5. Antarctic Conflict and International Cooperation -- THE EARLY TRENDS TOWARD ANTARCTIC CONFLICT -- LOCALIZED TERRITORIAL DISPUTES -- GENERALIZED TERRITORIAL DISPUTES AND INTERNATIONAL IMPLICATIONS -- STRATEGIC USES AND DISPUTES IN ANTARCTICA -- MAJOR-POWER RIVALRY IN ANTARCTICA -- THE ANTARCTIC TREATY: COOPERATION AS A FACTOR OF STABILIZATION -- NOTES -- 6. The Antarctic Treaty as a Conflict Resolution Mechanism -- NOTES -- 7. Panel Discussion on the Legal and Political Background of the Antarctic Treaty -- SUMMARY -- REMARKS BY RUDIGER WOLFRUM -- REMARKS BY FELIPE MACEDO DE SOARES GUIMARAES -- DISCUSSION -- Consensus -- Nonconsultative Parties to the Antarctic Treaty -- Minerals Regime Negotiations -- Compliance with the Antarctic Treaty System -- ANTARCTIC SCIENCE -- 8. Summary of Science in Antarctica Prior to and Including the International Geophysical Year -- Bibliography.

9. The Antarctic Treaty as a Scientific Mechanism (Post-IGY)-Contributions of Antarctic Scientific Research -- INTRODUCTION -- THE POST-IGY INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTICA QUARTER CENTURY -- THE PROFITABLE NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES FALLACY -- ANTARCTICA AS A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESOURCE -- ANTARCTIC PUBLICATIONS AND THE KNOWLEDGE EXPLOSION -- HIGHLIGHTS OF ANTARCTIC DISCOVERIES AND RESEARCH -- THE TREATY NATIONS AS THE UNITED NATIONS ''ANTARCTIC RANGERS" -- Bibliography -- 10. The Antarctic Treaty as a Scientific Mechanism-The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research and the Antarctic Treaty… -- INTRODUCTION -- THE ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF SCAR -- The Beginnings of SCAR -- The Early Years of SCAR -- The Growth in SCAR Membership -- SCAR STRUCTURE AND PROCEDURES -- The SCAR Constitution -- Procedures of SCAR -- SCAR Executive -- Working Groups -- Groups of Specialists -- Publications of SCAR -- SCAR Symposia -- SCAR Meetings -- The SCAR Secretariat -- THE INTERACTION OF SCAR WITH THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM -- A LOOK AT SCAR'S FUTURE -- 11. The Role of Science in the Antarctic Treaty System -- BACKGROUND -- THE POLITICAL ROLE OF SCIENCE IN ANTARCTICA -- DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO SCIENCE IN ANTARCTICA -- WHAT RESULTS CAN ANTARCTIC SCIENCE DELIVER? -- THE SETTING OF SCIENTIFIC PRIORITIES IN ANTARCTICA -- THE FUTURE -- Reference -- 12. Panel Discussion on Antarctic Science -- SUMMARY -- REMARKS BY LEWIS M. BRANSCOMB -- REMARKS BY OMAR BIN ABDUL RAHMAN -- SUMMARY OF THE DISCUSSION -- THE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT: MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES -- 13. The Antarctic Treaty System as an Environmental Mechanism-An Approach to Environmental Issues -- INTRODUCTION -- CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT -- HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF ANTARCTICA -- THE EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION WITHIN THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM -- THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS A MECHANISM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION -- NOTES -- 14. Panel Discussion on Conservation and Environment -- REMARKS BY SACHIKO KUWABARA -- REMARKS BY KENTON R. MILLER -- REMARKS BY W. TIMOTHY HUSHEN -- DISCUSSION -- 15. The Antarctic Treaty System as a Resource Management Mechanism-Living Resources -- INTRODUCTION -- MARINE RESOURCES -- Background -- Mechanisms for Management -- INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION -- THE ROLE OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY -- TERRESTRIAL ACTIVITIES -- THE ROLE OF SCAR -- 16. Panel Discussion on Living Resources -- SUMMARY -- REMARKS BY ALEXANDRE KISS -- REMARKS BY JAMES BARNES -- REMARKS BY YOON KYUNG OH -- DISCUSSION -- BIOMASS -- EXPERIMENTAL FISHERY -- INSPECTION AND OTHER CCAMLR MEASURES -- 17. Arctic Offshore Technology and its Relevance to the Antarctic -- INTRODUCTION -- GEOGRAPHY AND OIL AND GAS RESOURCES -- THE ARCTIC OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENT -- TECHNOLOGY FOR ARCTIC OFFSHORE PETROLEUM OPERATIONS -- General -- The Beaufort Sea -- The Canadian Arctic Islands (High Arctic) -- The Canadian East Coast (Labrador and Newfoundland) -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 18. Discussion on Technology and Economics of Minerals Development in Polar Areas -- REMARKS BY GEOFFREY F. LARMINIE -- DISCUSSION -- 19. The Antarctic Treaty System as a Resource Management Mechanism-Nonliving Resources -- NOTES -- 20. Panel Discussion on Nonliving Resources -- REMARKS BY ROGER WILSON -- REMARKS BY GEOFFREY F. LARMINIE -- REMARKS BY ADRIAAN BOS -- SUMMARY -- PARTICIPATION -- COMMON HERITAGE OF MANKIND -- PARTICIPATION IN THE MINERALS REGIME NEGOTIATIONS -- PARTICIPATION IN THE ADOPTION OF THE MINERALS REGIME -- PARTICIPATION IN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MINERALS REGIME -- PARTICIPATION IN ACTIVITIES AND BENEFITS -- URGENCY AND TIMING OF MINERALS ACTIVITIES.

THE REGIME -- Area of Application -- The Framework -- Institutions -- Environmental Protection and Safety -- Prospecting -- ENFORCEMENT AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS -- INSTITUTIONS -- 21. The Antarctic Treaty System from the Perspective of a State Not Party to the System -- THE RESPONSE OF THE NONTREATY PARTIES (NTPS) -- 22. The Antarctic Treaty System from the Perspective of a Non-Consultative Party to the Antarctic Treaty -- INTRODUCTION -- MOTIVES FOR ACCESSION -- FUNCTIONING OF THE TREATY SYSTEM -- RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF NCPS UNDER THE TREATY -- THE OBSERVER ISSUE -- ANTARCTICA AND THE U.N. GENERAL ASSEMBLY -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- NOTES -- APPENDIX 22-A: EXTRACT FROM THE FINAL REPORT OF THE FIRST SPECIAL ANTARCTIC TREATY CONSULTATIVE MEETING -- APPENDIX 22-B: STATEMENT OF NONCONSULTATIVE PARTIES -- 23. The Antarctic Treaty System from the Perspective of a New Consultative Party -- 24. The Antarctic Treaty System from the Perspective of a New Member -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY -- THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM -- Convention on Seals -- Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources -- Mineral Resources -- Protection of the Antarctic Environment: Specially Protected Areas and Sites of Special Scientific Interest -- Scientific Research Program under the Treaty System -- INDIA'S SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS -- POLITICAL ISSUES -- CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- 25. The Interaction between the Antarctic Treaty System and the United Nations System -- PROMOTION OF PRINCIPLES AND PURPOSES OF UNITED NATIONS CHARTER -- LINKS WITH THE UNITED NATIONS SPECIALIZED AGENCIES -- THE FUTURE -- RELATIONSHIP TO THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM IN THE FUTURE -- NOTE -- 26. The Evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System-The Institutional Perspective -- INTRODUCTION -- THE ANTARCTIC TREATY -- THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM-SUBSTANTIVE CONTENT.

THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM-INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSE -- OPERATION OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- 27. Panel Discussion on Institutions of the Antarctic Treaty System -- REMARKS BY BO JOHNSON THEUTENBERG -- REMARKS BY ALEXANDRE KISS -- REMARKS BY JOSE SORZANO -- REMARKS BY CRISTIAN MAQUIEIRA -- REMARKS BY ROLF TROLLE ANDERSEN -- SUMMARY -- LEGITIMACY -- EVOLUTION OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- R. Tucker Scully -- Richard Woolcott -- Zain Azraai.