Causes and Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Reduction: An Update -- Copyright -- Contents -- PREFACE -- SUMMARY -- Introduction -- Chemistry and Physics of Ozone Reduction -- Key Findings and Conclusions -- Recommendations -- Biological Effects of Increased Solar Ultraviolet Radiation -- Key Findings and Conclusions -- PART I: CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF OZONE REDUCTION -- Chapter 1-Current Status -- INTRODUCTION -- PROCESSES DETERMINING OZONE CONCENTRATIONS -- Perturbations by Chlorine -- Perturbations by Oxides of Nitrogen -- Perturbations by Other Species -- CURRENT STATUS OF MODELS OF THE STRATOSPHERE -- MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT OF TRENDS -- THE QUESTION OF EARLY DETECTION -- UNCERTAINTY -- FINDINGS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- PART II-BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF INCREASED SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION -- Chapter 2-Introduction -- THE PROBLEM -- THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL QUESTIONS -- Chapter 3-Molecular and Cellular Studies -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- Damage to DNA -- DNA Repair -- ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE -- Transformation of Cells in Culture -- Photoproducts in DNA -- Action Spectra for Affecting Simple Cellular Systems -- Effects of UV on Photoproducts in Animal and Human Skin -- Action Spectra for Immune Responses -- Mitigation and Enhancement of UV-B Effects by Light at Other Wavelengths -- Sunlight and UV-B in Bacterial Systems -- Sunlight or Broad-Band Radiation and Mammalian Cells -- RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- Chapter 4-Ecosystems and their Components -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- EFFECTS ON PLANTS -- Research Difficulties -- Advances in Knowledge -- EFFECTS ON DOMESTIC ANIMALS -- EFFECTS ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS -- Research Difficulties -- Advances in Knowledge -- RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- Chapter 5-Direct Human Health Hazards -- SUMMARY -- ANATOMICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SKIN AND BLOOD -- EFFECTS OTHER THAN CANCER.

Acute Responses of Normal Skin to UV: Whole Organ Inflammation -- Long-term Effects of UV on Skin: Solar Degeneration -- Effects of UV on the Immune System -- Effects of UV on the Eye -- CANCER EFFECTS -- Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancers -- What was Known by 1979 -- Advances in Knowledge -- Melanomas -- What was Known by 1979 -- Advances in Knowledge -- PROTECTION AGAINST DAMAGE FROM SUNLIGHT -- RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- GLOSSARY -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- H -- I -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- X -- LIST OF CHEMICAL SYMBOLS -- APPENDIXES -- Appendix A-Perturbations of the Stratosphere and Ozone Depletion -- Historical Background -- Natural Perturbations to Atmospheric Ozone -- Man's Impact: Assessment and Uncertainty in 1981 -- Recommendations for Research -- References -- Appendix B-Stratospheric Perturbations-the Role of Dynamics, Transport, and Climate Change -- Introduction -- Progress in Quantitative Models of Transport -- One-Dimensional Models -- Two-Dimensional Models -- Three-Dimensional Models -- Advances in Theoretical Understanding of Stratospheric Transport -- Connections Between Stratospheric Ozone, Stratospheric Temperature Structure, and Climate Change -- References -- Appendix C-Recent Developments in Stratospheric Photochemistry -- Introduction -- Effects of New Kinetic Data on Model Results -- Species Concentrations -- Rates for Catalytic Cycles -- Global Distribution and Balance of Ozone -- Ozone Response to Environmental Change -- Outstanding Problems of Present Models for the Stratosphere -- Long-lived Trace Gases -- Chemistry at High Latitudes -- Chemistry of Key Radicals -- Summary Statement -- References -- Appendix D-The Measurement of Trace Reactive Species in the Stratosphere: A Review of Recent Results -- Introduction -- Review of Data Base on Trace Species.

Group 1: Reactive Trace Constituents Containing Chlorine -- Chlorine Monoxide (ClO) -- Chlorine (Cl) -- Chlorine Dioxide Radical (ClOO) -- Symmetrical Chlorine Dioxide (OClO) -- Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) -- Hydrogen Oxychloride (HOCl) -- Chlorine Nitrate (ClONO2) -- Group 2: Reactive Trace Species Containing Hydrogen -- The Hydroxyl Radical (OH) -- The Hydroperoxyl Radical (HO2) -- Atomic Hydrogen (H) -- Molecular Hydrogen (H2) -- Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) -- Water Vapor (H2O) -- Group 3: Oxygen -- Atomic Oxygen in the Ground State (O(3P)) -- Atomic Oxygen in an Excited State (O(1D)) -- Singlet Delta Molecular Oxygen (O2(1Δ)) -- Singlet Sigma Molecular Oxygen (O2(b1Σ)) -- Other Electronically Excited States of Molecular Oxygen (O2*) -- Ozone (O3) -- Group 4: Reactive Trace Constituents Containing Nitrogen -- Nitric Oxide (NO) -- Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) -- Atomic Nitrogen (N) -- The Nitrate Radical (NO3) -- Dinitrogen Pentoxide (N2O5) -- Nitrous Acid (HONO) -- Nitric Acid (HONO2) -- Group 5: Reactive Trace Constituents Containing Bromine -- The Bromine Monoxide Radical (BrO) -- Atomic Bromine (Br) -- The Bromine Dioxide Radical (BrO2) -- Bromine Dioxide (OBrO) -- Hydrogen Bromide (HBr) -- Hydrogen Oxybromide (HOBr) -- Bromine Nitrate (BrONO2) -- Group 6: Reactive Trace Constituents Containing Fluorine -- Fluorine Monoxide (FO) -- Atomic Fluorine (F) -- The Fluorine Dioxide Radical (FO2) -- Fluorine Dioxide (OFO) -- Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) -- How Well does the Current Data Base on Stratospheric Reactive Trace Species Constrain Model Predictions of Ozone... -- Chlorine-Induced Destruction of Ozone -- The [ClO] Profile -- The [OH] Profile -- Nitrogen Induced Destruction of Ozone -- The [NO2] Profile -- The [HONO2] Profile -- The Profile of the Ratio of [O(3P)] to [O3] -- Stratospheric Trace Species Measurements: Prospects for the Next Three Years.

References -- Appendix E-Trend Analysis of Total Ozone -- Introduction -- Statistical Analysis of the Dobson Network -- Spatial Bias -- Low-Frequency Variations -- Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Appendix F-Detection of Trends in the Vertical Distribution of Ozone -- Umkehr Method -- Balloon-Borne Ozonesondes -- Satellite Methods -- Questions of Causality -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Appendix G-The Association of DNA Damage with Cancer-Initiating Events -- Appendix H-Participants in the Workshop on Biological Effects of Increased Solar Ultraviolet Radiation -- Appendix I-Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Consultants -- Committee Members -- Consultants.