Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Executive Summary -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- Dietary Patterns and Components of Food -- Total Caloric Intake -- Lipids (Fats and Cholesterol) -- Protein -- Carbohydrates -- Dietary Fiber -- Vitamins -- Minerals -- Inhibitors of Carcinogenesis -- Alcohol -- Naturally Occurring Carcinogens -- Mutagens in Foods -- Food Additives -- Environmental Contaminants -- Contribution of Diet to Overall Risk of Cancer -- INTERIM DIETARY GUIDELINES -- 2 Cancer: Its Nature and Relationship to Diet -- THE NATURE OF CANCER -- The Control of Cell Division During the Growth and Replacement of Normal Tissues -- Various Abnormalities of Cell Behavior -- Cancer and Cell Heredity -- The Varying Incidence of Cancer -- Experimentally Induced Carcinogenesis -- THE CAUSES OF CANCER -- THE INFLUENCE OF DIET ON EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED CANCERS -- The Early Stages of Carcinogenesis -- The Late Stages of Carcinogenesis -- REFERENCES -- 3 Methodology -- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS -- General Approaches -- Methods For Determining Dietary Intake -- Overall Assessment of Epidemiological Approaches -- LABORATORY METHODS -- Analysis of Molecular Structure -- Short-Term Tests -- Long-Term Bioassays -- Difficulties in Studying the Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity of Food Constituents -- COMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO EVALUATION OF THE LITERATURE -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- SECTION A THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRIENTS AND CANCER -- CHANGES IN THE FOOD SUPPLY -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Total Caloric Intake -- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE -- EXPERIMENTS IN ANIMALS -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- REFERENCES -- 5 Lipids (Fats and Cholesterol) -- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE -- Fats -- Cholesterol.

RELATIONSHIP OF FECAL STEROID EXCRETION TO BOWEL CARCINOGENESIS -- EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE -- Mammary Tumors -- Hepatic and Pancreatic Cancer -- Intestinal Cancer -- SUMMARY -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Relationship of Fecal Steroid Excretion to Bowel Carcinogenesis -- Experimental Evidence -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Protein -- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE -- Breast Cancer -- Large Bowel Cancer -- Pancreatic Cancer -- Other Cancers -- EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE -- Spontaneous Tumors -- Chemically Induced Tumors -- Tumor Transplantation Studies -- An Evaluation of the Data from Animal Studies -- SUMMARY -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 7 Carbohydrates -- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE -- EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE -- Sucrose -- Lactose -- Glucose -- Xylitol -- SUMMARY -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 8 Dietary Fiber -- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE -- EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE -- SUMMARY -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 9 Vitamins -- VITAMIN A -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- Summary -- Conclusion -- VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID) -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- Summary -- Conclusion -- VITAMIN E (Α-TOCOPHEROL) -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- Summary and Conclusions -- CHOLINE AND SELECTED B VITAMINS -- Epidemiological Studies -- Experimental Studies -- Summary and Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 10 Minerals -- SELENIUM -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- Summary -- Conclusion -- ZINC -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- Summary -- Conclusion -- IRON -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- Summary -- Conclusion -- COPPER -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- Summary -- Conclusion -- IODINE.

Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- Summary -- Conclusion -- MOLYBDENUM -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- Summary -- Conclusion -- CADMIUM -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- Summary -- Conclusion -- ARSENIC -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- Summary and Conclusions -- LEAD -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- Summary -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 11 Alcohol -- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE -- Specific Alcoholic Beverages -- Total Alcoholic Beverages -- Synergism Between Alcohol and Smoking -- Effect of Nutritional Status -- EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE -- Postulated Mechanisms of Action in Carcinogenesis -- Alcohol and Induction of Microsomal Enzymes -- Occurrence of Putative Carcinogens in Alcoholic Beverages -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- SECTION B THE ROLE OF NONNUTRITIVE DIETARY CONSTITUENTS -- FOOD ADDITIVES -- CONTAMINANTS -- THE DELANEY CLAUSE AND OTHER REGULATORY ACTIONS -- EXPOSURE OF HUMANS -- THE CARCINOGENICITY OF FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS -- ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH -- REFERENCES -- 12 Naturally Occurring Carcinogens -- MYCOTOXINS -- Aflatoxins -- Other Mycotoxins -- Summary and Conclusions: Aflatoxins and Other Mycotoxins -- HYDRAZINES IN MUSHROOMS -- Agaricus bisporus -- Gyromitra esculenta -- Summary and Conclusions: Hydrazines -- PLANT CONSTITUENTS AND METABOLITES -- Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids -- Allylic and Propenylic Benzene Derivatives -- Bracken Fern Toxin(s) -- Estrogenic Compounds -- Coffee -- Methylxanthines -- Cycasin -- Thiourea -- Tannic Acid and Tannins -- Coumarin -- Parasorbic Acid -- METABOLITES OF ANIMAL ORIGIN -- Tryptophan and Its Metabolites -- Hormones -- FERMENTATION PRODUCT -- Ethyl Carbamate (Urethan) -- NITRATE, NITRITE, AND N-NITROSO COMPOUNDS -- Epidemiological Evidence.

Experimental Evidence: Carcinogenicity -- Experimental Evidence: Mutagenicity -- Summary and Conclusions: Nitrate, Nitrite, and N-Nitroso Compounds -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 13 Mutagens in Food -- MUTAGENS RESULTING FROM COOKING OF FOODS -- Benzo[a]pyrene and Other Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- Mutagens from Pyrolyzed Proteins and Amino Acids -- Mutagens Formed from Meat at Lower Temperatures -- Mutagen Formation Involving Carbohydrates -- PLANT FLAVONOIDS -- MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY IN EXTRACTS OF FOODS AND BEVERAGES -- MODIFIERS OF MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY -- Harman and Norharman -- Hemin -- Fatty Acids -- Nitrite -- Antioxidants -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 14 Additives and Contaminants -- ADDITIVES -- Saccharin -- Cyclamates -- Aspartame -- Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) -- Vinyl Chloride -- Acrylonitrile -- Diethylstilbestrol (DES) -- ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS -- Pesticides -- Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB's) -- Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB's) -- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH's) -- Benzo[a]pyrene -- Dibenz[a,h]anthracene -- Benz[a]anthracene -- OVERALL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- Food Additives -- Environmental Contaminants -- REFERENCES -- 15 Inhibitors of Carcinogenesis -- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES -- EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES -- Effects of Selected Chemicals -- Effects of Individual Foods on Carcinogen-Metabolizing Enzyme Systems -- Possible Adverse Effects of Inhibitors -- SUMMARY -- Epidemiological Studies -- Experimental Studies -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- SECTION C PATTERNS OF DIET AND CANCER -- 16 Cancer Incidence and Mortality -- GEOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCES RELATED TO ETHNICITY -- CHANGES SUBSEQUENT TO MIGRATION -- CHANGING TIME TRENDS IN INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY -- INTERSITE CORRELATIONS OF INCIDENCE -- ASSOCIATIONS WITH SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS.

RELIGIOUS PRACTICES AND CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY -- CORRELATIONS OF INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY WITH DIETARY AND OTHER VARIABLES -- ASSOCIATIONS WITH OTHER DISEASES -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 17 The Relationship of Diet to Cancer at Specific Sites -- ESOPHAGEAL CANCER -- STOMACH CANCER -- COLON AND RECTAL CANCER -- LIVER CANCER -- PANCREATIC CANCER -- GALLBLADDER CANCER -- LUNG CANCER -- BLADDER CANCER -- RENAL CANCER -- BREAST CANCER -- ENDOMETRIAL CANCER -- OVARIAN CANCER -- PROSTATE CANCER -- REFERENCES -- 18 Assessment of Risk to Human Health -- INITIATORS OF CARCINOGENESIS -- MODIFIERS OF CARCINOGENESIS -- USE OF MUTAGENICITY TESTS -- USE OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES -- DIET-RELATED CARCINOGENESIS -- CONTRIBUTION OF DIET TO OVERALL RISK OF CANCER -- REFERENCES -- Glossary -- Appendix A Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer-Affiliations and Major Research Interests -- CHAIRMAN: -- VICE CHAIRMAN: -- MEMBERS: -- ADVISOR: -- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF: -- Index.