Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- CONTENTS -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- FRAMING THE ISSUE -- A TIME OF CHANGE -- SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS -- General Recommendation 1: Offer a Broader Range of Academic Options -- General Recommendation 2: Provide Better Information and Guidance -- General Recommendation 3: Devise a National Human-Resource Policy for Advanced Scientists and Engineers -- MAJOR RELATED ISSUES -- Is There an Oversupply of PhDs? -- 1 THE CHANGING CONTEXT OF GRADUATE EDUCATION -- 2 THE EMPLOYMENT OF GRADUATE SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS -- 2.1 CURRENT EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS -- Employment Trends -- Unemployment and Delayed Employment -- Underemployment and Underutilization -- 2.2 EMPLOYMENT TRENDS BY SECTOR -- Education -- Government -- Business and Industry -- 2.3 EMPLOYER PERSPECTIVES -- 2.4 THE CHANGING CONTEXT OF EMPLOYMENT -- 3 THE EDUCATION OF GRADUATE SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS -- 3.1 OVERVIEW -- 3.2 THE MASTER'S EXPERIENCE -- 3.3 THE DOCTORAL EXPERIENCE -- 3.4 TIME TO DEGREE -- 3.5 MECHANISMS OF ASSISTANCE FOR GRADUATE EDUCATION -- 3.6 CAREER INFORMATION AND GUIDANCE -- 3.7 THE GRADUATE EDUCATION OF WOMEN AND MINORITY-GROUP STUDENTS -- 3.8 FOREIGN GRADUATE STUDENTS -- 3.9 POSTDOCTORAL EDUCATION -- 4 DISCUSSION OF MAJOR RELATED ISSUES -- 4.1 THE "RIGHT" NUMBER OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PHDS -- The Current Unemployment Situation -- Limitations of Supply-Demand Models for Forecasting Science and Engineering Personnel Needs -- Conclusion -- 4.2 THE ISSUE OF FOREIGN STUDENTS -- Support of Foreign Graduate Students -- Where Do Foreign-Citizen PhDs Go? -- What Are the Effects? -- Conclusion -- 4.3 TIME TO EMPLOYMENT -- 4.4 INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS NEEDS -- 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- 5.1 NATIONAL OPTIONS -- 5.2 TOWARD GREATER VERSATILITY.

5.2.1. To produce scientists and engineers who are versatile, graduate programs should provide option that allow students to… -- 5.2.2. To foster versatility, government and other agents of financial assistance for graduate students should adjust their… -- 5.2.3. In implementing changes to promote versatility, care must be taken not to compromise other important objectives -- 5.3 TOWARD BETTER CAREER INFORMATION AND GUIDANCE -- 5.3.1. Graduate scientists and engineers and their advisers should receive more up-to-date, accurate, and accessible… -- 5.3.2. Academic departments should provide employment information and career advice to prospective and current students in… -- 5.3.3. The National Science Foundation and National Research Council should continue to improve the coverage, timeliness… -- 5.4 TOWARD IMPLEMENTATION OF A NATIONAL POLICY -- 5.4.1.A searching national discussion that includes representatives of government, universities, employers, and… -- 5.5 CONCLUSION -- A BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION ON COMMITTEE MEMBERS -- B STATISTICS ON GRADUATE EDUCATION OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS -- CONTENTS -- OVERVIEW -- THE GRADUATE STUDENTS -- Non-US Citizens -- Female Graduate Students -- Members of Underrepresented Minorities -- Growth Trends in Full-Time Graduate Enrollment Since 1982 -- Growth in First-Year and Beyond-First-Year Enrollments, 1982-1992 -- Sources and Mechanisms of Financial Support -- Science and Engineering Graduate Students in Master's-Granting Institutions -- THE INSTITUTIONS -- SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING MASTER'S DEGREES -- Master's Degrees in Science and Engineering -- Women -- Underrepresented Minorities -- Non-US Citizens -- SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DOCTORAL DEGREES -- Doctorates in Science and Engineering -- Women -- Non-US Citizens -- Source of Support -- POSTDOCTORATE EMPLOYMENT PLANS -- POSTDOCTORAL STUDY TRENDS.

C EMPLOYMENT TRENDS AMONG SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS WITH GRADUATE DEGREES -- CONTENTS -- OVERVIEW -- EMPLOYMENT TRENDS AMONG RECENT COHORTS OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DOCTORATES -- Employment Status: Full-Time, Part-Time, and Not Employed -- Employment Sector: Academe, Industry, Government -- Tenure Status -- Impact of Employment Choices of Recent PhDs -- Conclusions -- EMPLOYMENT OF RECENT SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING MASTER'S DEGREE RECIPIENTS -- How Many Science and Engineering Master's Degree Recipients Continue Graduate Study? -- Continued Education of New Science and Engineering Master's-Degree Recipients -- How Many Recent Science and Engineering Master's-Degree Recipients Are Unemployed? -- How Many New Science and Engineering Master's-Degree Recipients Are Employed in Their Fields or Other Science and Engineering -- Who Employs New Science and Engineering Master's-Degree Recipients? -- Field-to-Field Differences in Employment Sector -- D RESPONDENTS TO CALL FOR COMMENTS -- E PANELISTS -- F CALL FOR COMMENTS: SUMMARY OF RESPONSES -- EMPLOYER EVALUATION OF PHD TRAINING -- Overview -- Preparation for Industry -- Preparation for Teaching -- Master's versus PhD Degrees -- Changing Environment -- Broad versus Specialized Education -- CHANGING THE CURRENT GRADUATE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM -- Expanded Experiences -- Skill Expansion -- GRADUATE-EDUCATION ISSUES -- Limiting Enrollments -- Time to Degree -- National Goals -- Conclusion -- INTERESTING IDEAS -- Career Preparation -- Universities should -- Industry should -- Industry is looking for -- Students should -- Information Needs -- Universities should -- Funding -- Universities should -- The federal government should -- Industry should -- G SUMMARY OF RESPONSES TO SURVEY ON INFORMATION NEEDS -- CAREER GUIDANCE INFORMATION -- KEY VARIABLES -- PROGRAM INFORMATION -- EMPLOYMENT INFORMATION -- REFERENCES.

ADDITIONAL READING.