Ground Water Recharge Using Waters of Impaired Quality -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Preface -- Contents -- Summary -- SOURCE WATERS AND THEIR TREATMENT -- SOIL AND AQUIFER PROCESSES -- PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES -- ECONOMIC, LEGAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- Artificial Recharge: A Viable Option -- Potential Impaired Quality Sources -- Human Health Concerns -- System Management and Monitoring -- Economic Considerations -- Legal and Institutional Considerations -- REFERENCES -- 1 An Introduction to Artificial Recharge -- A PRIMER ON ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE -- Ground Water Flow -- Artificial Recharge -- Surface Infiltration Systems -- Clogging -- Water Depth -- Ground Water Level -- Water Quality -- Soil-Aquifer Treatment -- System Design and Pilot Projects -- Well Injection Systems -- Aquifer Storage and Recovery Wells -- Dry Wells -- ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 2 Source Waters and Their Treatment -- MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER -- Characteristics -- Primary Treatment -- Secondary Treatment -- Tertiary Treatment -- Advanced Wastewater Treatment -- Coagulation-Sedimentation -- Filtration -- Nitrification -- Denitrification -- Phosphorus Removal -- Carbon Adsorption -- Reverse Osmosis -- DISINFECTION -- Disinfectants -- Chlorine -- Ozone -- Ultraviolet Radiation -- Disinfection By-Products -- Chlorine Disinfection -- Monochloramine Disinfection -- Ozone Disinfection -- Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection -- URBAN STORMWATER RUNOFF -- Characteristics -- Bacterial Characteristics -- Important Toxicants -- Contamination by Industrial Wastewater -- Relative Contributions of Different Flow Periods -- Pollutant Contributions from Different Urban Source Areas -- Treatment Methods -- Sedimentation Treatment -- Pollutant Removal During Infiltration -- IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW -- Characteristics -- Treatment Methods -- SUMMARY.

REFERENCES -- 3 Soil and Aquifer Processes -- CONDITIONS INFLUENCING PRETREATMENT -- Soil Properties -- Nature of Recharge Operation -- Wastewater Composition -- GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SUBSURFACE PROCESSES -- Vadose Zone Processes -- Aquifer Processes -- Volatilization -- Volatilization from Surface Water -- Volatilization from Soil -- Volatilization During Ground Water Recharge -- Transport of Dissolved Chemicals -- Solute Velocity -- Solute Dispersion During Transport -- Solute Sorption During Transport -- Other Attenuation Mechanisms -- IMPORTANT SOIL-AQUIFER PROPERTIES -- Vadose Zone Properties -- Control of Ground Water Flow -- UNDESIRABLE SOIL CHARACTERISTICS -- Spatial Variability of Soil Properties -- Preferential Flow of Chemicals -- TRANSPORT AND FATE OF SPECIFIC CONSTITUENTS OF RECHARGE WATER -- Nitrogen -- Phosphorus -- Inorganics and Trace Metals -- Organic Chemicals -- Pathogens -- Disinfection By-products -- Nature of Reduced Carbon Species -- Stability of DBPs in the Soil and Underground Environment -- SUSTAINABILITY OF THE SAT SYSTEM -- PERFORMANCE AND COMPLIANCE MONITORING -- Vadose Zone Monitoring -- Tracing of Recharge Water -- Mixing of Recharge and Ambient Ground Water -- Posttreatment of Recharge Waters -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 4 Public Health Issues -- RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY, APPROACHES, AND INTERPRETATION -- STUDIES OF HEALTH IMPACTS -- OLAC Water Reuse Study-Montebello Forebay, Los Angeles County, California -- Total Resource Recovery Project, City of San Diego, California -- Tampa Water Resource Recovery Pilot Project, Tampa, Florida -- Potable Water Reuse Demonstration Project, Denver, Colorado -- Analysis of existing data base -- CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN -- Inorganic Chemicals, Pesticides, and Other Organic Chemicals in Source Waters -- Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products.

MICROORGANISMS OF CONCERN -- Hazard Identification -- Dose-Response Assessment -- Exposure Assessment -- Risk Characterization -- RISKS FROM DISINFECTANTS AND DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS VERSUS RISKS FROM PATHOGENS -- HEALTH IMPLICATIONS FROM NONPOTABLE USES -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 5 Economic, Legal, and Institutional Considerations -- ECONOMIC ISSUES -- The Economics of Ground Water Use -- The Economics of Artificial Ground Water Recharge with Treated Municipal Wastewater -- Demand -- The Cost of Water Supplies -- LEGAL ISSUES -- Water Rights -- Protection of Ground Water Quality -- Use of Recharge Water -- Environmental Consequences -- California's Regulatory Controls: A Closer Look -- History of Regulatory Activities in California -- 1973 Department of Health Position Statement -- 1975 Consulting Panel -- 1986 Scientific Advisory Panel -- Water Reclamation Requirements Current and Proposed Regulations -- Other Relevant Laws -- INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES -- PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD THE USE OF RECLAIMED WATER -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 6 Selected Artificial Recharge Projects -- WATER FACTORY 21, ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA -- MONTEBELLO FOREBAY GROUND WATER RECHARGE PROJECT, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA -- PHOENIX, ARIZONA, PROJECTS -- Infiltration Rates -- Removal of Contaminants by SAT -- Suspended Solids -- Total Dissolved Solids -- Nitrogen -- Phosphate -- Fluoride -- Boron -- Metals -- Fecal Coliforms -- Viruses -- Organic Carbon -- Trace Organic Compounds -- Other Organic Micropollutants -- Summary -- EL PASO, TEXAS, RECHARGE PROJECT -- System and Site Description -- Type of Recharge -- Hydrogeologic Conditions -- Source Water -- Operational History -- Available Performance Data -- Quantity -- Quality -- Economic and Institutional Considerations -- Summary -- LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, RECHARGE BASINS -- System and Site Description -- Type of Recharge.

Hydrogeologic Conditions -- Source Water -- Operational History -- Performance Data -- Quantity and Hydraulics -- Quality -- Economic and Institutional Considerations -- Summary -- ORLANDO, FLORIDA, STORMWATER DRAINAGE WELLS -- System and Site Description -- Type of Recharge -- Hydrogeologic Conditions -- Source Water -- Operational History -- Performance Data -- Quantity -- Quality -- Hydraulics -- Economic and Institutional Considerations -- Summary -- DAN REGION WASTEWATER RECLAMATION PROJECT METROPOLITAN TEL AVIV, ISRAEL -- System and Site Description -- Soil-Aquifer Treatment -- Basic Wastewater Parameters -- Irrigation-Water Quality Parameters -- Conveyance of Recovered Water for Agricultural Reuse -- Summary -- REFERENCES -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE: A VIABLE OPTION -- Recommendations -- POTENTIAL IMPAIRED QUALITY SOURCES -- Recommendations -- HUMAN HEALTH CONCERNS -- Recommendations -- SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING -- Recommendations -- ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS -- Recommendation -- LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATION -- Recommendations -- Appendixes -- APPENDIX A Acknowledgements -- APPENDIX B Biographical Sketches of Committee Members -- Appendix C Glossary.