Coatings for High-Temperature Structural Materials -- Copyright -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Contents -- Acronyms -- Executive Summary -- TRENDS -- High-Temperature Coatings Design -- High-Temperature Coating Types -- Processes for Applying Coatings -- Degradation Modes -- Engineering Considerations -- Life-Cycle Factors -- NEAR-TERM OPPORTUNITIES -- Concurrent Development of High-Temperature Coatings and Substrate Materials -- Oxidation and Hot-Corrosion-Resistant Coating Development -- Thermal Barrier Coating Development -- Analytical Methods and Models -- Repair and Overhaul -- Nondestructive Evaluation -- LONG-TERM OPPORTUNITIES AND INNOVATIONS -- Innovative Coating Architectures -- Other Innovative Concepts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Application Needs and Trends -- APPLICATION NEEDS -- Aircraft Turbine Needs -- Land-Based Turbine Needs -- Marine Turbine Needs -- CURRENT COMPONENT DESIGN AND BASE MATERIALS -- ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR ENGINE COMPONENTS -- Ceramics -- Intermetallics -- Refractory Metals -- 3 Materials and Processes -- COATINGS FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE STRUCTURES -- Coatings for Superalloys -- Coatings for Ceramics -- Coatings for Refractory Metals -- Coatings for Intermetallic Materials -- COATING PROCESSES -- Physical Vapor Deposition -- Sputtering -- Thermal Spray Processes -- Diffusion Coating Methods -- COATING PROCESS CONTROL -- SUMMARY -- 4 Failure Modes -- DEGRADATION MECHANISMS OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS -- DEGRADATION MECHANISMS OF COATINGS -- High-Temperature Oxidation -- Hot Corrosion -- Mechanical Distress -- Solid-State Diffusion -- Spallation -- A CASE STUDY: DEGRADATION OF THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS -- Spallation -- Plasma-Sprayed TBCs -- EB-PVD TBCs -- Erosion -- RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES -- 5 Engineering Considerations -- COMPATIBILITY OF COATINGS WITH STRUCTURAL MATERIALS.

Chemical (metallurgical) Compatibility -- Process Compatibility -- Mechanical Compatibility -- COMPONENT COATABILITY -- OTHER ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS -- Coating Databases -- Management of Air, Fuel, and Water -- Influence of Coatings on Gas-Turbine Emissions -- CONCURRENT COATING DEVELOPMENT -- 6 Refurbishment of Coated Structure -- FACTORS AFFECTING COMPONENT LIFE -- REPAIR OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE COATINGS -- Importance and Need of Repair Technology -- Current Status -- Future Directions -- STANDARD DESIGNATIONS FOR COATINGS -- NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION -- 7 Near-Term Trends and Opportunities -- THERMAL BARRIER COATING DEVELOPMENT -- COATING PROCESSES -- Repair and Overhaul -- Analytical Methods -- Modeling -- Nondestructive Evaluation -- 8 Long-Term Opportunities and Innovative Systems -- INNOVATIVE COATING ARCHITECTURES -- Continuously Graded Coatings -- Horizontally Layered Materials -- Interphase Layers -- Vertically Layered Materials -- Three-Dimensional Structured Materials -- OTHER INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS -- Nanocrystalline Coatings and Substrates -- Advanced Processing -- Built-In Sensors for Condition Monitoring -- Embedded Microchannels within TBC for Cooling -- Coatings for Refractory Metals -- References -- Appendix A Testing and Standards -- NOMENCLATURE AND DESIGNATION -- PROCESSING -- MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -- CORROSION -- EROSION -- THERMAL PROPERTIES -- MICROSTRUCTURE -- INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES -- SUMMARY -- CURRENT STANDARDS -- American Society for Testing and Materials -- Society of Automotive Engineers -- Military Standards -- British Standards Institute -- DIN -- Japan Institute of Standards -- REFERENCES -- Appendix B Radiation Transport in Thermal Barrier Coatings -- REFERENCES -- Appendix C Survey of Nondestructive Evaluation Methods -- OPTICAL METHODS -- THERMAL METHODS -- Optical-Source Infrared Radiometric Detection.

Other-Source Infrared Radiometric Detection -- Radiometric Methods in Coating Deposition -- Laser Acoustic Interferometric Imaging -- Induced Current Methods -- Injected Current Methods -- Conventional Ultrasonic Methods -- Laser Ultrasonics and Interferometric Detection -- X-ray Methods -- EMERGING NDE METHODS FOR INSPECTING COATING SYSTEMS -- X-ray Thermal Imaging: Composition with Depth -- Transient Grating Characterization Methods -- Microwave Thermoreflectance -- Modulated Stress Methods -- REFERENCES -- Appendix D Modeling of Coating Degradation -- CURRENT STATUS -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- Thermal Barrier Coating Modeling -- High-Temperature Oxidation -- Hot Corrosion -- Life-Prediction Models -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix E Manufacturing Technologies of Coating Processes -- DIFFUSION COATING PROCESSES -- Pack Cementation -- Out-of-Pack Methods -- Chemical Vapor Deposition -- THERMAL SPRAY PROCESSES -- Plasma Spraying -- Low-Pressure Plasma Spray -- High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel Processes -- PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION PROCESSES -- SPUTTERING -- ELECTROSPARK DEPOSITION -- AUXILIARY PROCESSES -- QUALITY CONTROL -- REFERENCES -- Appendix F Example of a Coating Designation System -- Appendix G Biographical Sketches of Committee Members.