Aviation Safety And Pilot Control -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- THE AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EXPERIENCE -- IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY -- AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS AS A CURRENT PROBLEM IN AVIATION -- INCREASING AWARENESS -- ELIMINATING AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS -- Management -- Design Criteria -- Simulation and Flight Tests -- INTERIM PRESCRIPTION FOR AVOIDING SEVERE AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS -- Reduce Category I Pilot-Induced Oscillation Tendencies -- Implications for Design of the Effective Aircraft Dynamics -- Suitable Metrics and Criteria -- Minimize Category II and III Pilot-Induced Oscillation Tendencies -- Implications for Design of the Effective Aircraft Dynamics -- Suitable Metrics and Criteria -- Examine the Possibility of Non-Oscillatory Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Events -- Conduct Assessments and Evaluations Using Simulators -- Implications for Design -- Implications for Test Execution -- Conduct Flight Evaluations -- ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES -- 1 Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Problems: Definitions, Descriptions, and History -- INTRODUCTION -- Initial Concrete Example -- PILOT-VEHICLE CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM -- NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR OSCILLATORY AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS -- HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS -- Aircraft with Conventional Flight Control Systems -- Aircraft with Fly-by-Wire Flight Control Systems -- STUDY OVERVIEW -- Statement of Task and Committee Membership -- Study Approach -- Report Organization -- 2 Varieties of Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Experience -- INTRODUCTION -- CATEGORIES OF OSCILLATORY AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS -- Category I: Linear Pilot-Vehicle System Oscillations -- Category II: Quasi-Linear Pilot-Vehicle System Oscillations with Rate or Position Limiting -- Category III: Nonlinear Pilot-Vehicle System Oscillations with Transitions.

NONLINEAR, CLIFF-LIKE, PILOT-INVOLVED OSCILLATIONS -- Common Cliff Producers -- Rate Limiting -- Command Path Gain Shaping -- NON-OSCILLATORY AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING -- TRIGGERS -- Environmental Triggers -- Vehicle Triggers -- Flight Control System-Aircraft Configuration Mismatches -- System failures -- FCS Mode Shifts -- Pilot Triggers -- CASE STUDIES OF RECENT AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS IN FLY-BY-WIRE SYSTEMS -- Case 1. Lockheed Martin/Boeing YF-22 -- Description of Event -- Analysis -- Post-Event Simulations -- Case 2. Boeing 777 -- Description of Event -- Post-Event Flight Test and Simulation -- Analysis -- Conclusions -- Case 3. McDonnell-Douglas C-17 -- Description of Event -- Analysis -- Corrective Action -- Case 4. Airbus A 320 -- Description of Event -- Analysis -- Conclusions -- Case 5. Special Considerations for Rotorcraft -- 3 Aircraft-Pilot Coupling as a Current Problem in Aviation -- TRENDS FROM A REVIEW OF ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS -- FLIGHT DATA RECORDERS -- FLIGHT OPERATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE -- MILITARY AIRCRAFT -- ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS -- 4 Precluding Adverse Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Events -- INTRODUCTION -- LESSONS LEARNED -- RECOMMENDED PROCESSES FOR IDENTIFYING AND PRECLUDING ADVERSE AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS -- Management Policies -- Design Process -- Establish Flight Control Philosophy and Objectives -- Define Flying Qualities Requirements -- Detailed Flight Control Design -- Structured Analysis of System Performance -- Simulation Considerations -- Simulation, Laboratory, and Flight Test Flying Qualities and Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Evaluations -- Tasks to Identify APC Tendencies -- Flight Test -- TECHNICAL FIXES -- SUMMARY OF FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS -- 5 Simulation and Analysis of the Pilot-Vehicle System -- GROUND AND IN-FLIGHT SIMULATION -- SIMULATION TYPES -- Non-Real-Time Simulations.

Pilot-in-the-Loop, Fixed-Base Simulation -- Pilot-In-The-Loop, Moving-Base And In-Flight Simulation -- Hot-Bench And Iron-Bird Simulation -- Simulation Summary -- OVERVIEW OF HUMAN PILOT CHARACTERISTICS -- Modern Piloting Tasks -- Human Pilot Performance -- PILOT MODELS AND PILOT-VEHICLE ANALYSES -- Classical Approach -- Background -- Crossover Model -- Synchronous Pilot Model -- Modern Approach -- Background -- Optimal Control Model -- Different Modes of Pilot Behavior -- Compensatory Control -- Pursuit Control -- Precognitive Control -- Organization of Perceptions -- Remarks -- Applying Pilot Models to the APC Problem -- 6 Criteria for Assessing Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Potential -- PREREQUISITES FOR CRITERIA -- Validity -- Selectivity -- Ready Applicability -- PROMINENT ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR CATEGORY I -- Aircraft-Bandwidth/Phase Delay -- Illustrative Example -- Smith-Geddes Attitude-Dominant Type III Criterion -- Illustrative Example -- Estimating the Frequency of Category I Oscillatory APC Events -- Neal-Smith Criteria and Modifications -- Illustrative Example -- Dropback -- Extending Criteria to the Lateral Axis -- MILITARY STATUS AND TRENDS -- Development of New Quantitative Requirements for MIL STD 1797 -- Development of Verification Maneuver Requirements by the U.S. Air Force -- CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING OTHER CONDITIONS -- Pilot-Aircraft Systems with Higher-Frequency Modes -- Non-Oscillatory APC Events -- Category II Assessments and Criteria -- CONCLUSIONS -- 7 Findings and Recommendations -- CHAPTER 1 AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING PROBLEMS: DEFINITIONS, DESCRIPTIONS, AND HISTORY -- CHAPTER 2 VARIETIES OF AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EXPERIENCE -- CHAPTER 3 AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING AS A CURRENT PROBLEM IN AVIATION -- CHAPTER 4 PRECLUDING ADVERSE AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS -- CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE PILOT-VEHICLE SYSTEM -- Simulation.

Analysis -- Recommendations -- CHAPTER 6 CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING POTENTIAL -- Appendices -- Appendix A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members -- Appendix B Participants in Committee Meetings -- Main Workshop November 27-29, 1995 -- Speakers -- Other Participants -- Secondary Workshop March 21-22, 1996 -- Speakers -- Other Participants -- Southern California Fact-Finding Trip March 18-19, 1996 -- Meeting at Dryden Flight Research Center -- Meeting at the Air Force Flight Test Center -- Meeting at the National Test Pilot School -- European Fact-Finding Trip April 27-May 7, 1996 -- Meeting at Aerospatiale, Toulouse Plant -- Meeting at British Aerospace Defence, Military Aircraft Division -- Meeting at U.K. Department of Transport, Air Accidents Investigation Branch -- Meeting at Saab Military Aircraft -- Appendix C Details of Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Examples -- Essentially Linear Oscillatory Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Events -- Some Nonlinear Characteristics That Can Lead To Flying Qualities Cliffs -- Common Cliff Producers -- Command-Path Gain-Shaping -- Rate Limiting -- Appendix D Research -- Ongoing Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Simulation Technique Research -- T-33 Have PIO Simulation Technique -- C-17 Comparison between In-Flight and Ground-Based Simulation and Flight Test -- Development of APC Simulation Techniques for Fighter Aircraft Using the Variable Stability In-Flight Simulator Test Aircraft -- APC Compensation And Detection Research -- Compensation System Research -- Development of Theory-Based Detection Algorithm -- Neural Network Empirically-Based Detection System -- Acronyms -- Glossary -- References.