Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Summary -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 1. Innovations in the Indonesian Uplands -- 2. Technical Innovations and Livestock Production -- 3. On-Farm Reservoirs for Supplemental Irrigation -- 4. Constraints to Adoption of Food-Crop Technologies in Upland Areas -- 5. Introduction of Vegetable Production -- 6. Ginger and Annual Crops in Tree-Based Agriculture -- 7. Tree Crops and Paddy Cropping Systems: Cocoa in Malinau -- 8. From Alley Cropping to Cashew Farms -- 9. Coffee and Agroforestry Systems -- 10. Vanilla on Coffee Farms -- 11. Intensive Orange Production -- 12. Improved Rubber Agroforestry Systems -- 13. Pod Borer and Pesticides -- 14. Adoption of Cocoa -- 15. Replanting after Imperata cylindrica -- 16. Replanting Coffee Farms in Southern Sumatra -- 17. Price and Nonprice Factors in a Green Revolution -- 18. Conclusion: Technical Breakthroughs and Upland Farmers' Self-Help Action -- Annex 1 -- Annex 2 -- Annex 3 -- Annex 4 -- Annex 5 -- Annex 6 -- Glossary -- References -- Index -- Boxes -- 1.1 Upland Technology Issues Discussed in the Literature -- 1.2 Plantation and Forest Fires in Indonesia, 1997 -- 18.1 Making the Decision to Replant Tree Crops -- Tables -- 1.1 Overview: Introducing New Forms of Capital to Farming Systems -- 1.2 Study Sites in the Nusa Tenggara Islands -- 1.3 Study Sites in Sulawesi and Moluccas Islands -- 1.4 Study Sites in Java -- 1.5 Indonesian Agroecological Zones as a Percentage of Total Agricultural Area -- 1.6 Land Use in Indonesia, 1984-1990 Average ('000 ha) -- 1.7 Number of References Reviewed, by broad subject areas -- 2.1 Livestock Sales in Farmer Income for Different Farming Systems -- 5.1 Labor Input for Different Cropping Patterns, hours, per hectare.

5.2 Costs and Returns by Cropping Pattern, per hectare of harvested areas in Majalengka district, 1988-1989 season, thousands of rupiahs -- 6.1 Approximate Ginger and Rice Prices, 1950-70 -- 6.2 Coffee and Ginger Prices and Ginger Production in Rejang Lebong District -- 6.3 Farmer Estimates of Ginger Yields, multiples of the amount of seed planted before the virus outbreak -- 6.4 Components of Nine-Month Ginger Costs and Profits, per hectare in 1989 for a yield of 3.5 times the amount of seed planted -- 6.5 Components of Nine-Month Ginger Costs and Profits, per hectare in 1992 for a yield of 5 times the amount of seed planted -- 7.1 Use of Cultivated Land in the Village of Tanjung Lapang, 1995-96, hectares -- 8.1 Planted Area of Major Tree Crops in Nusa Tenggara Province ('000) -- 9.1 Survey Data on the Population and Farming Systems in Two Villages of West Sinjai, 1996 -- 10.1 Vanilla and Coffee Prices, 1991-96 -- 11.1 Estimates of Orange Tree Cash Costs and Returns, per hectare -- 12.1 Rubber Planting Distribution Among Various Projects, 1970-98 -- 13.1 Factors Affecting Pesticide Adoptions in Sebatic and Moluccas -- 13.2 Input and Output on Ahmad's Farm, 1993-2001 -- 13.3 Average Cocoa Yield, Revenue, and Pesticide Adoption in Noling, with two-thirds of farms on the plains and one-third in the hills, South Sulawesi, 1997-2001 -- 13.4 Average Cocoa Yield, Revenue, and Pesticide Adoption in Tampumea, with almost all farms in the hills, South Sulawesi, 1997-2001 -- 13.5 Number of Spray Applications per year by Sulawesi Smallholders, 1999-2001 -- 14.1 Sources of Starting Capital and Savings before Migration for Three Villages, percentage -- 14.2 Yields, Prices, Incomes, and Fertilizer Use on the Cocoa Farms of Noling and Tampumea, South Sulawesi, 1995-2001.

15.1 Estimated Forest Rent and Initial Investment in Cocoa in the Hills, 1997 (Tampumea, South Sulawesi) (US per hectare, unless otherwise specified) -- 15.2 Estimated Forest Rent and Cocoa Production Factors in the hills, 1997 (Tampumea, South Sulawesi) -- 15.3 Estimated Production Cost and Forest Rent in the hills, 1997, U.S. cents per kilogram -- 15.4 Fertility Plains Rent and Cocoa Production, 1997 -- 15.5 Plains Rent and Production Costs of Cocoa, 1997, excluding depreciation costs -- 15.6 Average Cocoa Prices in Plains and Hills in the Noling Region, South Sulawesi, 1995-2001 (rupiahs unless otherwise specified) -- 15.7 Estimates of Forest Rent and Initial Investment, including effects from use of herbicides, in 1997 (US unless otherwise specified -- 16.1 Distribution of New Planting and Replanting of Coffee during One Year of Price Increase and One Year of Price Decline, Kepahiang, Bengkula, percent -- 16.2 Influence of the Size of Households on the Coffee Life Cycle -- 16.3 Migration History and Coffee Life Cycle -- 16.4 Influence of Farmer's Age on the Coffee Farm Life Cycle -- 17.1 Comparative Cost of Inputs and Other Goods in 1997 before and after Increases in the Price of Cocoa, 1997 -- 17.2 Comparative Cost of Inputs and Other Goods, 2001-02 -- Figures -- 1.1 Variation in Upland Rainfall Patterns (mm) -- 1.2 Model of Sustainable Development in the Uplands -- 4.1 Portions of Staple Food Crops Harvested from Wetland and Dryland Areas on Java, 1985-1990 average, hectares -- 5.1 Changes in Cropping Patterns for Different Categories of Land in Majalengka District -- 6.1 Kepahiang Subdistrict and Approximate Year of Ginger Adoption in Each Village -- 14.1 Arrival Date of Immigrants, Acquisition of First Information about Cocoa, and First Adoption of Cocoa -- 14.2 Farming Calendar for Three Plots on a Cocoa Farm at Noling, June.

14.3 Farming Calendar for Three Plots on a Cocoa Farm at Noling, October-November -- 16.1 Yield of Robusta and Cik Ari -- 16.2 Alternative Cropping Systems -- 16.3 Total Planting and Coffee/Ginger Price Ratio -- 16.4 New Planting, Replanting, and Coffee/Ginger Price Ratio -- 17.1 Pesticide Adoption by Foreign Migrants and Cocoa Price (East-Soubre, Côte d'Ivoire) -- 17.2 Fertilizer Adoption and Cocoa Price -- 18.1 Trends in Weekly Food Consumption with Growth in Monthly per Capita Food -- Maps -- 1.1 -- 2.1 -- 3.1 -- 4.1 -- 5.1 -- 6.1 -- 7.1 -- 8.1 -- 9.1 -- 10.1 -- 11.1 -- 12.1 -- 13.1 -- 17.1 -- 17.2.