Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- OVERVIEW Creating 100 Million Jobs for a Fast- Growing Work Force -- Evolution of MENA's Social Contract -- Emergence of Poor Labor Market Outcomes -- Unlocking the Potential for Job Creation -- MENAÌs Need for a New Social Contract -- 1 Introduction -- Labor Market Outcomes in the Post-World War II Period -- Scope and Methodology of the Report -- Structure and Organization of the Report -- Findings in Comparative Perspective -- 2 Evolution of State-Labor Relations in the Middle East and North Africa -- Legacy of the Social Contract -- Definition of the Social Contract -- The Social Contract and Labor Markets -- 3 Demography, Labor Growth, and Employment Outcomes -- MENA's Demographic Transition -- Effect of Delayed Transition on Labor Force Growth -- Labor Market Outcomes in the 1990s -- Toward a Fuller Understanding of Labor Market Outcomes -- 4 Structure of Employment and Earnings in the 1990s -- Structure of Unemployment -- Public Sector Employment in the 1990s -- Structure of Labor Markets -- Informalization of Work in the 1990s -- Gender Equity in Access to Labor Markets -- Real Wages and Wage Formation -- Income Inequality That Remains Moderate -- What We Have Learned -- 5 Labor Market Reforms: Opportunities and Constraints -- Reforming the Labor Market in a Dynamic Setting -- Rationalizing the Role of the Public Sector -- Looking at Labor Market Institutions in the Private Sector -- Quantifying the Effects of Labor Reforms -- Using Active Labor Market Policies in MENA -- Considering the Special Case of Labor-Importing Countries -- Taking Stock of What Has Been Learned -- Appendix -- 6 Foundations of Future Growth and Job Creation -- Traditional Engines of Employment Growth -- MENA's Need for New Engines of Job Creation -- Road to Completing the Transitions.

Role of Human Capital in the Transition -- Facing the Challenges Ahead -- 7 Toward a New Social Contract -- MENA Needs a Vision of the Future of Its Labor Markets -- Successful Reform Requires a New Social Contract -- What Needs to Be Done Is Widely Acknowledged -- Reforms Have Been Too Limited and Too Slow -- Overcoming the Obstacles to Reform Is Critical -- Soft Budget Constraints and Political Challengers Have Impeded Reform -- Governments Have Decoupled Economic and Political Reform -- Today, Economic and Political Reforms Must Be Linked -- Support from External Partners Is Critical -- Main Responsibility Rests with MENA -- Statistical Appendix -- Bibliography -- Index.