TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Foreword, by Romain Murenzi -- Foreword, by Birger Fredriksen -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Data Notes -- Executive Summary -- Résume Analytique -- 1. Rwanda: Demography, Economy, and the Government Budget -- The Demographic Context -- Macroeconomic Conditions -- Overall Patterns of Government Finance -- Public Spending on Education -- Conclusion -- 2. Enrollment Trends and Patterns of Student Flow -- Aggregate Enrollments by Level of Education -- Trends in Educational Coverage -- From Cross-Sectional Indicators of Coverage to Student Flow Patterns -- Student Flow Patterns in Primary Schooling -- Student Flow Patterns in Secondary Schooling -- Policy Perspectives on Management of Student Flow -- Conclusion -- 3. Education Finance -- National Spending on Education -- A Closer Look at Public Spending on Education -- Public Spending per Student -- Policy Implications -- Conclusion -- 4. Socioeconomic Disparities in Education -- Overview of Participation Rates -- Educational Participation Rates among Orphans -- Disparities in Student Flow Patterns -- Distribution of Public Spending on Education -- Policy Implications -- Conclusion -- 5. Service Delivery in Primary Education -- Overview of the Supply of Services -- Teacher Allocation across Schools -- Economies of Scale in Service Delivery -- Student Learning -- Policy Implications and Conclusion -- 6. Service Delivery in Secondary Education -- Overview of the Supply of Services -- Teacher Qualifications, Utilization, and Deployment -- Economies of Scale in Service Delivery -- Examination Results and Their Correlates -- Policy Implications -- Conclusion -- 7. Higher Education -- Structure of the System -- Study Abroad on Government Scholarships -- Staffing Patterns in Public and Private Institutions of Higher Education.

Costs of Service Delivery and Student Finance -- Student Flow Efficiency and Output of Graduates -- Policy Implications -- Conclusion -- 8. Education and the Labor Market -- Employment Structure, Educational Attainment of Workers, and Returns to Education -- Output of Graduates and Their Absorption into the Workforce -- Policy Implications -- Conclusion -- Statistical Appendix -- References -- TABLES -- 1-1: Population Size, Rwanda, 1970-2002, and Poverty Rates and Selected Health Indicators, 1970-2000 . -- 1-2: Orphans and Children Living apart from Biological Parents, Rwanda, circa 2000 -- 1-3: Economic Performance of Rwanda and Selected Countries, 1980-2000 -- 1-4: Government Revenue, Rwanda, 1981-2001 -- 1-5: Government Spending, Rwanda, 1981-2001 -- 1-6: Government Spending on Education, Rwanda, 1981-2001 -- 2-1: Gross Enrollment Ratios (GERs) by Level of Education, Rwanda, 1991-92 and 2000-01 -- 2-2: Coverage of the Education System in Rwanda and Selected Countries, Late 1990s-2000 -- 2-3: Percentage Entry Rate to Grade 1, Rwanda, 1991-92 and 2000-01 -- 2-4: Percentage Survival Rates in Primary Schooling, Rwanda, 1991-92 and 2000-01 -- 2-5: Percentage Repetition Rates in Primary Schooling, Rwanda, 1990-91 and 2000-01 -- 2-6: Summary Indices of Student Flow Efficiency in Primary Schooling, Rwanda, 1990-91 and 2000-01 -- 2-7: Secondary School Transition and Survival Rates, Rwanda, 1991-92 and 2000-01 -- 2-8: Percentage Repetition Rates in Secondary Schooling, Rwanda, 1990-91 and 2000-01 -- 2-9: Summary Index of Student Flow Efficiency in Secondary Schooling, Rwanda, 1990-91 and 2000-01 -- 2-10: Distribution of Primary Schools and New First-Graders by Highest Grade of Instruction Offered by the School, Rwanda, 2000-01 -- 2-11: Grade-Specific Enrollments in Primary and Secondary Education, Rwanda, 2000-01.

3-1: Level and Distribution of Public Spending on Education, Rwanda, 1982-2001 -- 3-2: Current Public Spending on Education through the Ministry of Education and Other Ministries or Government Agencies, Rwanda, 1999-2001 -- 3-3: Household Spending on Education, Rwanda, circa 2000 -- 3-4: Distribution of Current Public Spending on Education, Rwanda, 1999-2001 -- 3-5: Numbers of Teachers and School-Level Administrative Staff in Government-Financed Primary and Secondary Schools, Rwanda, 1999 -- 3-6: Distribution of Public School Staff by Salary Grade and Average Salaries, Rwanda, 1999 -- 3-7: Estimated Current Public Spending on Education by Function and Level, Rwanda, 1999 -- 3-8: Functional Distribution of Current Public Spending on Education, Rwanda, 1999 -- 3-9: Public Spending per Student by Level of Education, Public Sector, Rwanda, 1999 -- 3-10: Level and Composition of per Pupil Public Spending in Public Primary and Secondary Schools, Rwanda, 1999 -- 3-11: Current Public Spending per Student, Rwanda, 1999, and Selected Country Groups, 1990s -- 3-12: Public Sector Teacher Salaries and Pupil-Teacher Ratios, Rwanda, 1999, and Selected Country Groups, 1990s -- 3-13: Take-Home Pay of Public Sector Teachers and Other Workers in Relation to Per Capita GDP, Rwanda, 2001 -- 4-1: Gross Enrollment Ratios by Province, Locality, Gender, and Income Group, Rwanda, 1992-2000 -- 4-2: Percentage Share of Salaried Workers among Parents of Students at Two Public Higher Education Institutions and in the Population of Rwanda, 2000 -- 4-3: Percentage of Children Ages 7-12 Enrolled in Primary School by Orphanhood Status, Rwanda, 1998-99 -- 4.4: Prevalence of Orphanhood among Primary, Secondary, and Higher Education Students, Rwanda, circa 2000 -- 4-5: Selected Student Flow Indicators by Gender, Locality, and Income Group, Rwanda, circa 2000.

4-6: Regression-Predicted Indicators of School Progression during Two Consecutive Years in a Cohort of Children Who Were Ages 7-12 in 1998, by Population Group, Rwanda, 1998-2000 -- 4-7: Share of Public Spending on Education Benefiting the Poorest and Richest Population Quintiles, Rwanda, 2000, and Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1990s -- 4-8: Gender Differences in Performance on National End-of-Cycle Examinations, Rwanda, circa 2002 -- 5-1: Percentage Distribution of Primary Schools and Pupils by Sector, Rwanda, 2000 -- 5-2: Characteristics of State, Libre Subsidié, and Private Primary Schools, Rwanda, 2000 -- 5-3: Characteristics of Primary School Teachers, Rwanda, 1999 -- 5-4: Accessibility of Primary Schools and Problems with Schooling Reported by Currently Enrolled Pupils, Rwanda, 2001 -- 5-5: Regression Estimates of the Relation between Numbers of Teachers and Pupils, Public Primary Schools, Rwanda, 2000 -- 5-6: Regression Estimates of the Relation between Numbers of Teachers and Pupils in Public Primary Schools by Province, Rwanda, 2000 -- 5-7: Regression Estimates of the Relation between Total Personnel Costs and Enrollments across Schools, Rwanda, 2000 -- 5-8: Percentage Distribution of Primary Schools and Cost per Pupil by Size of Enrollment, Rwanda, 2000 -- 5-9: Primary School Leaving Examination Results by Type of School, Rwanda, 1999 -- 5-10: Correlates of School-Level Pass Rates on the Primary School Leaving Examination, Rwanda, 1999 -- 5-11: Regression Estimates of Provincial Differences in Examination Pass Rates, Controlling for Differences in per Pupil Spending on Personnel, Rwanda, 1999 -- 6-1: Number and Percentage Distribution of Types of Secondary School, Rwanda, 2001-02 -- 6-2: Selected Characteristics of State, Libre Subsidié, and Private Secondary Schools, Rwanda, 1999-2001.

6-3: Percentage Distribution of Schools by Level and Number of Instructional Streams Offered, Rwanda, 2000-01 -- 6-4: Percentage Distribution of Secondary Students by Cycle and Stream and by School Type, Rwanda, 2000-01 -- 6-5: Number of Schools Offering Upper Secondary Programs and Average Enrollments per School by Field, Rwanda, 2000-01 -- 6-6: Characteristics of Teachers by Type of Secondary School, Rwanda, 1999-2000 -- 6-7: Distribution of Teachers by Level of Classes Taught, and Teaching Loads and Student-Teacher Ratios, Public Secondary Schools, Rwanda, 1999-2000 -- 6-8: Distribution of State and Libre Subsidié Secondary School Teachers by Educational Attainment and Level of Classes Taught, Rwanda, 1999-2000 -- 6-9: Regression Estimates of the Relation between Numbers of Teachers and Students, Public Secondary Schools, Rwanda, 1999-2000 -- 6-10: Relation between Total Cost of Personnel and Enrollments in Public Secondary Schools, Rwanda, 1999-2000 -- 6-11: Size Distribution of Enrollments in Public Secondary Schools and Simulated Cost per Student, Rwanda, 1999-2000 -- 6-12: Results on the National Examination at the End of the Tronc Commun Cycle, Rwanda, 1999-2000 -- 6-13: Correlates of School-Level Performance on the National Examination at the End of the Tronc Commun Cycle, Rwanda, 1999-2000 -- 7-1: Number of Institutions of Higher Education, Overall Enrollments, and Share of Students in Private Sector, Rwanda, 1960s-Present -- 7-2: Institutional Distribution of Students in Higher Education, Share of Female Students, and Scores of Entrants on National Examination at End of Secondary Cycle, Rwanda, 2000-01 -- 7-3: Number and Distribution of Students in Public and Private Higher Education Institutions, Rwanda, 2000-01 -- 7-4: Trends in Enrollments and Distribution by Field, Université Nationale du Rwanda, Selected Periods.

7-5: Higher Education Students on Overseas Government Scholarships, Rwanda, 1967-2002.