Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction and Overview -- Introduction -- Summaries -- The Negotiating and Domestic Policy Positions of India -- Endnotes -- References -- 2 Computational Analysis of the Impact on India of the Uruguay Round and the Doha Development Agenda Negotiations -- Introduction -- India in the Changing Global Trade Scenario -- Computational Analysis of India's Trade Reforms in a Global Setting -- Computational Scenarios -- Uruguay Round Results -- UR-1: Elimination of the MFA Quota Constraints -- UR-2: Liberalization of Manufactures -- UR-3: Combined Liberalization Effects (UR-1 + UR-2) -- Doha Round Results -- DR-1: Agricultural Liberalization -- DR-2: Liberalization of Manufactures -- DR-3: Services Liberalization -- DR-4: Combined Liberalization Effects (DR-1 + DR-2 + DR-3) -- Sectoral Impact of Trade Liberalization on India -- Unilateral Liberalization by India -- Conclusions and Implications for Policy -- Endnotes -- References -- 3 Implications of Multifibre Arrangement Abolition for India and South Asia -- Introduction -- The Basic Economics of the MFA -- Export Tax Equivalents4 -- Implications of MFA Abolition -- Domestic Policy Constraints in India -- Disincentives to Operating in the Factory Mode -- Fiber Bias, Product Reservation, and the Hank Yarn Obligation -- Key Policy Imperatives -- Conclusion -- Endnotes -- References -- 4 Services Issues and Liberalization in the Doha Development Agenda Negotiations: A Case Study of India -- Introduction -- What Constitutes Trade in Services -- India's GATS Commitments -- Trade in Services: An Indian Case Study -- India's Success Story: Software -- Liberalization of the Service Sector -- Conclusion -- Endnotes -- References -- 5 Telecommunications Policy Reform in India -- Introduction -- Existing Structure of the Telecommunications Sector.

The Policy Documents of 1994 and 1999 -- Key Policy Issues -- Interconnection -- Tariffs -- Convergence -- Technology -- Quality of Service -- Consumer Welfare -- Competition -- Regulatory Issues -- World Trade Organization Issues -- Regulatory Overview -- Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology -- Telecom Regulatory Authority of India -- Assessment of Regulatory Reform -- Recommendatory Role -- Government Retention of Licensing Powers -- Some Concluding Observations -- Appendix 5.1: Salient Features of ISP Policy, 1999 -- Appendix 5.2: Chronology of Indian Telecommunications Deregulation -- Appendix 5.3: Recommendations Sought by the Government from TRAI to Help Implement NTP 1999 -- Endnotes -- Bibliography -- 6 Economic Impact of Foreign Direct Investment in South Asia -- Introduction -- Foreign Direct Investment in India: Policies and Inflows -- A Brief History of India's Policies Regarding FDI -- FDI Flows into India -- Impact of FDI on Investment by National Investors -- The Investment Function -- Econometric Procedure Used -- The Results -- Impact of FDI on GDP Growth -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Determining the Direction of Granger Causality -- Endnotes -- References -- 7 An Indian Perspective on WTO Rules on Foreign Direct Investment -- Introduction -- FDI Policies, and the WTO on FDI Thus Far -- FDI and FDI Policies in India: Facts -- The Years 1947 to 1991 -- 1991 Onward: The Liberalization Era -- India's FDI Approval System -- FDI Flows into India -- FDI in Theory -- Benefits from Freer FDI -- Benefits from Multilateral Rules -- Costs of Freer FDI -- Costs of Multilateral Rules -- Empirical Evidence about FDI -- Empirical Studies on FDI and Growth and FDI and Knowledge Spillover in Cross-Sectional Studies -- Studies on India -- Foreign Control in Production -- Technology Transfer.

The Linkage of FDI and Growth -- Limitations of Arguments against FDI -- Policy Recommendations for India -- Endnotes -- References -- 8 India as User and Creator of Intellectual Property: The Challenges Post-Doha -- Introduction -- TRIPS as an Enforcement Device2 -- Why TRIPS Is a Good Retaliatory Weapon -- Effectiveness -- Credibility -- Targeting, Proportionality, and Pointedness -- Difficulties with TRIPS as a Retaliatory Weapon -- The Private Nature of Rights -- Exclusivity of Rights -- WTO Rules on Cross-Retaliation -- Deterring Foreign Direct Investment -- Design of Retaliation -- The Private Nature of Rights -- Exclusivity of Rights -- WTO Consistency -- Developing Domestic Policy Instruments and Institutions -- Coping with TRIPS: Compulsory Licensing and Competition Policy -- Changing TRIPS Rules to Address Public Health Crises in Developing Countries12 -- IP and Regulatory Policies for the New Technologies -- Harnessing India's Intellectual Property -- Genetic Resources and Indigenous Knowledge -- Geographical Indications -- Second-Order Issues -- Extension of the "Nonviolation" Exemption -- Transfer of Technology -- Parallel Imports -- Compulsory Licensing for Nonworking -- Caveat to External Pressures -- Domestic Inventive Activity: Whither India? -- Conclusion -- Endnotes -- References -- 9 Trade, Investment, and Competition Policy: An Indian Perspective -- Introduction -- Background -- International Agreements on Competition Policy -- A Review of the International Literature -- Official Indian Perspectives -- Indian Experience -- Foreign and Domestic Entry -- Competition Policy -- Concentration of Economic Power -- Restrictive Trade Practices -- Predatory Pricing -- Some Insights from Theory -- Entry -- Mergers -- Predatory Pricing -- The Road Ahead -- Summary, Conclusion, and a Caveat -- Endnotes -- References.

10 India's Accession to the Government Procurement Agreement: Identifying Costs and Benefits -- Introduction -- Theoretical Background for Assessing Costs and Benefits -- Important Features of the GPA -- Objective, Scope, and Structure -- Transparency and Tendering Procedures -- Special Treatment of Developing Countries -- Challenge Procedure -- Procedures and Practices in India -- Procurement Methods -- Preferential Treatment -- Preference for the Public Sector -- Preference for the Small-scale Sector -- Preferences for Indigenous Production -- Redress of Grievances and Settlement of Dispute -- India's Procurement Policy and the GPA: Areas of Divergence -- India's Position13 -- Estimating the Value of Government Purchases -- Central Government Purchases -- Railways and Telecommunications -- Railways -- Telecommunications -- State Government Purchases -- Purchases by Public Sector Enterprises -- Potential Benefits and Costs -- Estimated Benefits -- Estimated Costs -- Conclusion -- Appendix 1: Other Examples of Government Procurement Practices -- State Government of Himachal Pradesh -- Preferential Treatment -- Tendering Procedures -- Dispute Settlement Mechanism -- National Thermal Power Corporation -- Appendix 2: Estimating Central Government Purchases -- Appendix 3: Threshold Levels -- Appendix 4: Potential Gains -- Endnotes -- Bibliography and References -- 11 Technical Barriers to Trade and the Role of Indian Standard-Setting Institutions -- Introduction -- Literature Survey -- The SPS Agreement -- Nontariff Barriers -- Product-related Nontariff Barriers: Peanut Exports -- Barriers Related to Production and Process Methods -- Mango Pulp -- Milk Products -- Barriers Related to Testing Procedures: Egg Products -- Barriers Related to Certifications: Tires -- Environmental Barriers: Steel -- Packaging, Marking, and Language Barriers.

Domestic Institutional Framework -- Export/Import Policy of India -- Rules and Regulations on Product Standards -- Export Promotion Institutions -- Standard-setting Bodies -- Bureau of Indian Standards -- Food and Agriculture Department -- National Accreditation Board for Testing -- Central Committee for Food Standards -- Ministry of Food Processing -- Department of Electronics Standardization, Testing and Quality Certification -- National Quality Council -- International Institutional Framework -- World Trade Organization -- International Organization for Standardization -- Codex Alimentarius Commission -- Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Endnotes -- References and Bibliography -- 12 Trade and Environment: Doha and Beyond -- Introduction -- Negotiating History of Trade and Environment in the WTO -- Background -- Concerns of Industrial Countries Versus Those of Developing Countries -- Issues That Figure Prominently on India's Agenda -- Defensive Agenda -- Ecolabeling -- Mainstreaming Environment -- Environmental Reviews -- Proactive Agenda: Promote Changes in WTO Rules -- The Agreement on Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights -- Market Access -- Domestically Prohibited Goods -- Developments at the Doha Ministerial Meeting -- Environmental Regulation in India -- India's Environmental Legislation -- Fiscal Incentives to Encourage Control and Prevention of Pollution -- Evolutionary Developments in Trade and Environment Outside the CTE -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Endnotes -- Bibliography and References -- 13 India and the Multilateral Trading System Post-Doha: Defensive or Proactive? -- Introduction -- Multilateral Engagement: Whether and How -- Engagement as Facilitating Domestic Reform and Enhancing Access through Credible Bargaining -- Engagement as Commitment to Good Policies.

Engagement as Enforcement of Rights.