Wind Energy Impacts : A Comparison of Various Sources of Electricity.
Title:
Wind Energy Impacts : A Comparison of Various Sources of Electricity.
Author:
Swift, Andrew.
ISBN:
9781118947937
Personal Author:
Edition:
1st ed.
Physical Description:
1 online resource (513 pages)
Contents:
Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- Chapter 1 Impacts of Energy and Electricity on Society -- 1.1 What Are "Social and Environmental Impacts"? -- 1.1.1 Interactions and Effects of Technology on Society and the Environment -- 1.1.2 Sustainable Development -- 1.1.3 Wind Power, Technology, and Society -- 1.2 Early Wind Power Innovation and Discovery -- 1.2.1 Age of Sail Power -- 1.2.2 Wind Power and the Transcontinental Railroad -- 1.2.3 Wind Power for Settling the Great Plains -- 1.2.4 The Dutch Experience -- 1.2.5 The English Experience -- 1.2.6 Wind Power for Industry -- 1.3 Impact of Electricity on Society -- 1.3.1 National Academy of Engineering: Great Achievements of the Twentieth Century -- 1.3.2 History of the Early Electric Utilities -- 1.3.3 Rural Electrification Administration -- 1.3.4 Expansion of the Electric Grid -- 1.3.5 Electricity-World View -- 1.4 History of Wind Energy for Electricity Production -- 1.5 Renewables and Electrification in Third‐World Countries -- 1.6 The Nexus of Wind, Water, and Electricity -- References -- Chapter 2 The Basics of Electricity -- 2.1 Units of Electrical Measurement -- 2.2 Descriptions of Common Electrical Equipment -- 2.3 Types of Companies or Business Units within the Electric Industry -- 2.4 Frequently Asked Questions -- 2.4.1 How Do I Tell How Much Electricity I Use and How Much It Costs? -- 2.4.2 Can Wind Energy or Electricity Be Stored Until It Is Needed? -- 2.4.3 How Much Does It Cost Me to Run the Air Conditioner or Other Appliances in My Home? -- 2.4.4 If We Do Not Store Electricity from Wind Energy, What Happens When the Wind Stops? -- 2.4.5 How Can Wind Energy Get to My House? -- 2.4.6 If I Am Buying Renewable Energy from My Electricity Provider, How Do I Know That the Electricity I Use Came from a Source of Renewable Energy?.
2.4.7 My Utility Charges More for "Green Energy." Does Wind Power Cost More than Electricity from Traditional Sources? -- 2.4.8 Can I Install a Small Wind Turbine at My House or Business and Reduce My Electric Bill? -- Reference -- Chapter 3 Overview of Wind Energy and Other Sources of Electricity -- 3.1 Defining Renewable Energy -- 3.2 Sources and Uses of Energy -- 3.3 Growth of Renewable Energy in the United States -- 3.4 Use of Renewable Energy for Electricity Production in the United States -- 3.5 Growth of Wind Power Capacity in the United States -- 3.6 Subsidies or Incentives for Wind Energy -- 3.7 Potential for Increased Use of Wind Energy in the United States -- 3.8 Wind Resources in the United States -- 3.9 Overview of Other Sources of Electric Generation in the United States -- 3.9.1 Coal -- 3.9.2 Nuclear Energy -- 3.9.3 Natural Gas -- References -- Chapter 4 Conversion of Power in the Wind to Electricity -- 4.1 Wind Power Plants and Wind Turbines -- 4.1.1 How a Wind Turbine Works -- 4.1.2 Wind Turbine Anatomy -- 4.1.3 The Power Curve -- 4.1.4 The Wind Power Formula -- 4.2 Atmospheric Science -- 4.2.1 Wind Characterization -- 4.2.2 Wind Storms -- 4.2.3 Wind Measurement -- 4.2.4 Wind for Energy Production -- 4.3 Wind Statistics -- 4.3.1 Wind Statistical Distributions -- 4.3.2 Wind Shear -- 4.3.3 Wind Turbulence -- 4.3.4 Calculating Annual Energy Production -- Chapter 5 The Wind Energy Development Process -- 5.1 Requirements for an Economically Viable Wind Energy Project -- 5.1.1 Property Rights -- 5.1.2 Good Wind Resource -- 5.1.3 Site Wind Data -- 5.1.4 Transmission Access -- 5.1.5 A Customer or Market for the Energy -- 5.1.6 Wind Turbines and Related Equipment -- 5.1.7 Permits -- 5.1.8 An Engineering, Procurement, and Construction Contractor -- 5.1.9 Capital.
5.2 Other Factors that Contribute to the Success of a Wind Energy Project -- 5.2.1 Federal Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit -- 5.2.2 County Tax Abatements -- 5.2.3 School District Tax Abatements or Appraised Value Limitations -- 5.2.4 Community Support -- 5.3 Potential "Fatal Flaws" -- 5.4 Coordination of the Wind Energy Project Development Process -- 5.4.1 Turbine Supply Agreement -- 5.4.2 Transmission Interconnection Agreement -- 5.4.3 Power Purchase Agreements -- 5.4.4 Financing Agreements -- 5.4.5 Signing Day -- 5.5 Timeline for Developing a Wind Energy Project -- 5.6 Major Steps in the Early‐Stage Wind Project Development Process -- 5.7 Major Steps in Latter‐Stage Wind Energy Project Development -- 5.8 Final Steps in Developing a Wind Energy Project -- 5.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Overview of Issues Faced by Wind Energy -- 6.1 The Need to Understand and Respond -- 6.2 Community Relationships and Public Outreach -- 6.2.1 Residential Density -- 6.2.2 Socioeconomic Level of Community and Surrounding Residences -- 6.2.3 Compatibility of the Project with Existing Land Use -- 6.2.4 Proximity to Parks, Lakes, Recreational Areas, Scenic View Sheds, or Historical Sites -- 6.2.5 Community Desire for Economic Growth in the Area -- 6.2.6 Effective Community Outreach Efforts -- 6.3 General Categorization of Issues -- 6.3.1 Biological or Wildlife‐Related Issues -- 6.3.2 Human Health-Related Issues -- 6.3.3 Other Human‐Related Issues -- 6.3.4 Technology‐Related Issues -- 6.3.5 Economic‐Related Issues -- Reference -- Chapter 7 Wind and Wildlife: Siting Issues and Challenges -- 7.1 Overview of Wildlife‐Related Issues Faced by the Wind Industry -- 7.2 State and Federal Regulations Relevant to Wind Development's Impact on Wildlife -- 7.3 USFWS Guidelines for Wind Development -- 7.3.1 USFWS' Land‐Based Wind Energy Guidelines.
7.3.2 USFWS' Eagle Conservation Plan Guidance: Module 1-Land‐Based Wind Energy -- 7.4 Best Management Practices for Wind Energy Development Included as Chapter 7 of the USFWS Land‐Based Wind Energy Guidelines -- 7.5 Bird Deaths Due to Collisions with Wind Turbine Blades -- 7.5.1 USFWS's Migratory Bird Mortality: Many Human‐Caused Threats Afflict Bird Populations -- 7.5.2 A Summary and Comparison of Bird Mortality from Anthropogenic Causes with an Emphasis on Collisions -- 7.5.3 Wind Turbine Interactions with Birds, Bats, and Their Habitats: A Summary of Research Results and Priority Questions -- 7.5.4 The Avian Benefits of Wind Energy: A 2009 Update -- 7.5.5 Additional Impacts with Expected Growth of the Wind Energy Industry -- 7.5.6 Comparing Impacts of Wind Energy with Other Sources of Electric Generation -- 7.6 Wind Generation Wildlife Issues Not Limited to Avian Collisions -- 7.7 Avian Species of Concern -- 7.7.1 Raptors -- 7.7.2 Whooping Cranes -- 7.7.3 Black‐capped Vireos -- 7.7.4 Lesser Prairie Chicken -- 7.8 Bat Deaths Due to Wind Energy Development -- 7.8.1 Bat Mortality Rates and Potential Contributors to Bat Deaths from Wind Development -- 7.8.2 Barotrauma -- 7.8.3 Minimizing the Impact of Wind Energy Development on Bats -- 7.9 Organizations Studying Ways to Minimize Effects of Wind Development on Birds and Other Wildlife -- 7.9.1 The American Wind Wildlife Institute -- 7.9.2 The National Wind Coordinating Collaborative -- 7.9.3 The USFWS WTGA Committee -- 7.9.4 The Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative -- 7.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans: Public Health Issues -- 8.1 Overview of Environmental and Ecological Impacts on Humans -- 8.2 Wind Turbine Noise: Key Terms -- 8.3 Estimates of Noise from Wind Turbines.
8.4 Potential Health Effects of Audible or Subaudible Noise from Wind Turbines -- 8.5 Noise Ordinances -- 8.6 Technological Advances That Can Reduce Turbine Noise -- 8.6.1 Blade Pitch Control Versus Stall Regulation -- 8.6.2 Variable Speed Versus Constant Speed -- 8.6.3 Upwind Versus Downwind Turbines -- 8.6.4 Direct Drive Versus Turbines with Gearboxes -- 8.7 Siting Procedures for Noise Mitigation -- 8.7.1 Mapping -- 8.7.2 Review of State and Local Ordinances -- 8.7.3 Establish Setbacks -- 8.7.4 Public Communication -- 8.7.5 Compare Noise Potential of Various Turbine Models -- 8.7.6 Pre‐ and Postconstruction Noise Measurements -- 8.8 Shadow Flicker -- 8.9 Mitigation of Shadow Flicker -- 8.10 Electric and Magnetic Fields -- 8.11 Mitigating EMF Exposure from Wind Projects -- 8.12 Solid and Hazardous Wastes -- 8.13 Mitigation of Solid and Hazardous Waste Issues -- 8.14 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans: Public and Workforce Safety Issues -- 9.1 Overview of Workforce and Public Safety Issues -- 9.2 Things Can Go Wrong Anytime Humans Are Involved (in any Industry) -- 9.3 Ice Shedding -- 9.4 Mitigating Ice Shedding Issues -- 9.5 Blade Throw -- 9.6 Mitigating Blade Throw Issues -- 9.7 Risk of Fire -- 9.8 Mitigating Risk of Fire -- 9.9 Lightning -- 9.10 Other Weather Emergencies: Hurricanes, Tornadoes, and Hail -- 9.11 The Impact of Wind Energy on Vehicular Traffic -- 9.12 Planning for and Addressing Transportation Issues -- 9.13 Electrical and Pipeline Safety: Height, Depth, and Location of Electric Lines -- 9.14 Other Wind Energy Industry Workforce Safety Issues -- 9.15 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Wind Energy's Impact on Aviation, Radar, and Telecommunications -- 10.1 Impact of Wind Energy on Military and Civilian Aviation.
10.2 Regulatory Requirements and FAA Permitting Process.
Abstract:
Examines the possible societal impacts of wind energy projects and explains the potential issues faced when siting, constructing, and operating a wind energy project. This book begins with a history of wind power and the social impacts of both electricity and wind power from a historical perspective, a discussion of basic electrical terms, and a primer on the conversion of power in the wind to electricity. Much of the second half of the book is devoted to comparing wind energy to other forms of electric generation, both renewable and non-renewable sources. In order to have a true understanding of the impact of wind energy on society, one also has to have a thorough understanding of the impacts that other sources of electric generation have, such as fossil-fuelled plants or nuclear power plants. The comparison of electric generation sources includes a review of how such sources are typically utilized within the electric system, as well as the economic factors and environmental considerations that affect which resources utilities or operators of electric grids have to take into account. The authors conclude with a discussion of energy policies in the U.S., individual states, and foreign nations, how these policies influence the use of renewable energy, and what our future may hold in terms of energy supply and demand. Some highlights of this book are: Discusses the wind energy impacts on the environment, local economy, electric utilities, individuals and communities Provides a visual explanation of wind energy principles through tables, graphs, maps, illustrations and photographs Offers a comprehensive overview of the issues associated with the creation and use of wind energy Models chapters around an existing university curriculum Spanning the broad range of environmental, financial, policy and other topics that define and determine the
relationships between wind energy technology and our energy-dependent society, Wind Energy Essentials is a resource for students, universities, and the entire wind energy industry.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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