Cover -- Title Page -- Table of Contents -- The authors -- Foreword to the English edition -- Foreword to the 3rd German edition -- Foreword to the 2nd German edition -- Foreword to the 1st German edition -- 1 General Principles for the Design of the Cross-section -- 1.1 General -- 1.2 Dependence on intended use -- 1.2.1 Road tunnels -- 1.2.2 Constructional measures for road safety in tunnels -- 1.2.3 Rail tunnels -- 1.2.4 Construction of rail tunnels -- 1.2.5 Underground railway and underground tram tunnels -- 1.2.6 Innovative transport systems -- 1.2.7 Monorail with magnetic levitation, Transrapid, Metrorapid -- 1.2.8 Other underground works -- 1.3 The influence of the ground -- 1.4 Dependency on construction process -- 2 Engineering geology aspects for design and classification -- 2.1 General -- 2.2 Origin, properties and categorisation of rocks -- 2.2.1 General basics -- 2.2.2 Categorisation of rocks -- 2.2.3 Categorisation of soils -- 2.3 Engineering geology and rock mechanics investigations -- 2.3.1 Engineering geology investigations -- 2.3.2 Rock mechanics investigations -- 2.4 The ground and its classification -- 2.4.1 Ground -- 2.4.2 Classification of the rock mass -- 2.4.2.1 General -- 2.4.2.2 Basic system of classification -- 2.4.2.3 Q System (Quality System) -- 2.4.2.4 RMR System (Rock Mass Rating System) -- 2.4.2.5 Relationship between Q and RMR systems -- 2.4.3 Standards, guidelines and recommendations -- 2.4.3.1 Classification in Germany -- 2.4.3.2 Classification in Switzerland ("Klassierung" according to the SIA standard) -- 2.4.3.3 Classification in Austria -- 2.4.4 Example of a project-related classification according to DIN 18312 for the shotcrete process -- 2.4.4.1 Procedure at the Oerlinghausen Tunnel.

2.4.4.2 Description of the tunnelling classes for the Oerlinghausen Tunnel -- 2.5 Special features for tunnelling machines -- 2.5.1 General -- 2.5.2 Influences on the boring process -- 2.5.3 Influences on the machine bracing -- 2.5.4 Influences on the temporary support -- 2.5.5 Classification for excavation and support -- 2.5.5.1 General and objective for mechanised tunnelling -- 2.5.5.2 Classification systems and investigation of suitability for tunnel boring machines -- 2.5.6 Standards, guidelines and recommendations -- 2.5.6.1 Classification in Germany -- 2.5.6.2 Classification in Switzerland -- 2.5.6.3 Classification in Austria -- 2.5.7 New classification proposal -- 3 Structural design verifications, structural analysis of tunnels -- 3.1 General -- 3.2 Ground pressure theories -- 3.2.1 Historical development -- 3.2.2 Primary and secondary stress states in the rock mass -- 3.2.2.1 Primary stress state -- 3.2.2.2 Secondary stress state -- 3.3 General steps of model formation -- 3.4 Analytical processes and their modelling -- 3.4.1 Modelling of shallow tunnels in loose ground -- 3.4.2 Modelling deep tunnels in loose ground -- 3.4.3 Modelling tunnels in solid rock -- 3.4.4 Bedded beam models -- 3.5 Numerical methods -- 3.5.1 Finite Difference Method (FDM) -- 3.5.2 Finite Element Method (FEM) -- 3.5.3 Boundary Element Method (BEM) -- 3.5.4 Combination of finite element and boundary element methods -- 3.6 The application of the finite element method in tunnelling -- 3.6.1 "Step-by-Step" technique -- 3.6.2 Iteration process -- 3.6.3 Simulation of uncoupled partial excavations -- 3.7 Special applications of the FEM in tunnelling -- 3.7.1 Modelling of deformation slots -- 3.7.2 Determination of the loosening of the rock mass from blasting -- 3.8 Structural design -- 3.8.1 General principles.

3.8.2 Design method for steel fibre concrete tunnel linings -- 3.8.3 Conventionally reinforced shotcrete versus steel fibre shotcrete -- 4 Measurement for monitoring, probing and recording evidence -- 4.1 General -- 4.2 Measurement programme -- 4.2.1 General -- 4.2.2 Measurements of construction states -- 4.2.2.1 Standard monitoring section -- 4.2.2.2 Principal monitoring sections -- 4.2.2.3 Surface measurements -- 4.2.2.4 Basic rules for implementation and evaluation -- 4.2.3 Measurement of the final state -- 4.2.3.1 Measurement programme -- 4.2.3.2 Evaluation -- 4.2.4 Special features of shield drives -- 4.2.4.1 Instrumentation -- 4.2.4.2 Recording and evaluation of machine data -- 4.2.5 IT systems for the recording and evaluation of geotechnical data -- 4.3 Measurement processes, instruments -- 4.3.1 Deformation measurement -- 4.3.1.1 Geodetic surveying -- 4.3.1.2 Convergence measurements -- 4.3.1.3 Optical surveying of displacement with electronic total station -- 4.3.1.4 Surface surveying -- 4.3.1.5 Extensometer measurements -- 4.3.1.6 Inclinometer / deflectometer measurements -- 4.3.1.7 Sliding micrometer measurements -- 4.3.1.8 Trivec measurements -- 4.3.2 Profile surveying -- 4.3.2.1 Photogrammetric scanner -- 4.3.3 Stress and strain measurements in the support layer -- 4.3.3.1 Radial and tangential stress measurement in concrete -- 4.3.3.2 Measurements in steel arches -- 4.3.4 Measurements of the loading and function of anchors -- 4.3.4.1 Checking of anchor forces in unbonded anchors -- 4.3.4.2 Checking of anchor forces with mechanical measurement anchors -- 4.4 Geophysical exploration ahead of the face -- 4.4.1 Seismology -- 4.4.2 Geoelectrical -- 4.4.3 Gravimetric -- 4.4.4 Geomagnetic -- 4.4.5 Geothermal -- 4.4.6 Examples and experience.

4.4.6.1 Probing with SSP (Sonic Softground Probing) -- 4.4.6.2 Probing karst caves -- 4.5 Monitoring and evidence-gathering measures for tunnelling beneath buildings and transport infrastructure -- 4.5.1 General -- 4.5.2 Monitoring and evidence-gathering measures -- 4.5.3 Noise and vibration protection -- 4.5.4 Permissible deformation of buildings -- 5 Dewatering, waterproofing and drainage -- 5.1 General -- 5.2 Dewatering during construction -- 5.2.1 Water quantity and difficulties -- 5.2.1.1 Water flow in the ground -- 5.2.1.2 Forms of underground water -- 5.2.1.3 Payment and quantity measurement -- 5.2.2 Measures to collect and drain groundwater -- 5.2.2.1 Measures to collect water -- 5.2.2.2 Measures to drain water, open dewatering -- 5.2.2.3 Drainage boreholes and drainage tunnels -- 5.2.3 Obstructions and reduced performance -- 5.2.3.1 General description -- 5.2.3.2 Influence of groundwater on the advance rate -- 5.2.3.3 Influence of groundwater on tunnelling costs -- 5.2.4 Environmental impact and cleaning -- 5.2.4.1 Effect on the groundwater system -- 5.2.4.2 Effects on groundwater quality -- 5.2.5 Sealing groundwater -- 5.2.5.1 Grouting process -- 5.2.5.2 Ground freezing -- 5.3 Tunnel waterproofing -- 5.3.1 Requirements -- 5.3.1.1 Required degree of water-tightness -- 5.3.1.2 Requirements resulting from geological and hydrological conditions -- 5.3.1.3 Material requirements -- 5.3.1.4 Requirements for the construction process -- 5.3.1.5 Requirements for design and detailing -- 5.3.1.6 Maintenance -- 5.3.1.7 Requirements of the users -- 5.3.1.8 Requirements of environmental and waterways protection -- 5.3.1.9 Requirements of cost-effectiveness -- 5.3.2 Waterproofing concepts -- 5.3.2.1 Categorisation -- 5.3.2.2 Preliminary waterproofing -- 5.3.2.3 Main waterproofing -- 5.3.2.4 Repair of waterproofing.

5.3.3 Waterproofing elements and materials -- 5.3.3.1 Waterproof concrete -- 5.3.3.2 Water-resistant plaster, sealing mortar, resin concrete -- 5.3.3.3 Bituminous waterproofing -- 5.3.3.4 Plastic waterproofing membranes -- 5.3.3.5 Sprayed waterproofing -- 5.3.3.6 Metallic waterproofing materials -- 5.3.4 Testing of seams in waterproofing membranes -- 5.4 Tunnel drainage -- 5.4.1 The origin of sintering -- 5.4.2 Design of tunnel drainage for low sintering -- 5.4.3 Construction of tunnel drainage to reduce sintering -- 5.4.3.1 Camera surveys of the pipe runs between the manholes -- 5.4.3.2 Data processing and administration -- 5.4.3.3 Other quality assurance measures during the construction phase -- 5.4.4 Operation and maintenance of drainage systems to reduce sintering -- 5.4.4.1 Concepts to reduce maintenance through improvements to systems -- 5.4.4.2 Cleaning of drainage systems -- 6 New measurement and control technology in tunnelling -- 6.1 General -- 6.2 Measurement instruments -- 6.2.1 Gyroscopic devices -- 6.2.2 Lasers -- 6.2.3 Optical components for laser devices -- 6.2.4 Optical receiver devices -- 6.2.5 Hose levelling instruments -- 6.2.6 Inclinometer -- 6.3 Control in drill and blast tunnelling -- 6.3.1 Drilling jumbo navigation -- 6.3.2 Determining the position of a drilling boom -- 6.3.3 Hydraulic parallel holding of the feeds -- 6.3.4 Control of drill booms by microprocessors -- 6.3.5 Hydraulic drill booms -- 6.4 Control of roadheaders -- 6.4.1 Movement parameters determined by the control system -- 6.4.2 Roadheader control system from Voest Alpine -- 6.4.3 Roadheader control system from Eickhoff -- 6.4.4 Roadheader control system from ZED -- 6.5 Control of tunnel boring machines (TBM) -- 6.5.1 General -- 6.5.2 Steering with laser beam and active target.

6.6 Steering of small diameter tunnels.