TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- 1 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY -- 1.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY -- 1.2 COMMON FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUES -- 1.3 SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE -- REFERENCES -- 2 NATURALLY OCCURRING AND SYNTHETIC FLUORESCENT BIOMOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 NATURALLY OCCURRING EMISSIVE BIOMOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS -- 2.3 SYNTHETIC FLUORESCENT ANALOGS OF BIOMOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS -- 2.4 SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE -- REFERENCES -- 3 POLARIZED SPECTROSCOPY WITH FLUORESCENT BIOMOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS -- 3.1 TRANSITION MOMENTS -- 3.2 LINEAR DICHROISM -- 3.3 MAGNETIC CIRCULAR DICHROISM -- 3.4 FÖRSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER (FRET) -- 3.5 FLUORESCENCE ANISOTROPY -- 3.6 FLUORESCENT NUCLEOBASES -- 3.7 FLUORESCENT PEPTIDE CHROMOPHORES -- 3.8 SITE-SPECIFIC LINEAR DICHROISM (SSLD) -- 3.9 SINGLE-MOLECULE FLUORESCENCE RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER (FRET) -- 3.10 SINGLE-MOLECULE FLUORESCENCE-DETECTED LINEAR DICHROISM (FLD) -- REFERENCES -- 4 FLUORESCENT PROTEINS: THE SHOW MUST GO ON! -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 HISTORICAL SURVEY -- 4.3 PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES -- 4.4 PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS -- 4.5 ION SENSITIVITY -- 4.6 RELATION MICROSCOPY-SPECTROSCOPY FOR FLUORESCENT PROTEINS -- 4.7 PROSPECTS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 5 DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF AUTOFLUORESCENT PROTEINS BY BIOLOGICAL INCORPORATION OF INTRINSICALLY FLUORESCENT NONCANONICAL AMINO ACIDS -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF FLUORESCENT BUILDING BLOCKS IN PROTEINS -- 5.3 APPLICATION OF FLUORESCENT BUILDING BLOCKS IN PROTEINS -- 5.4 CONCLUSIONS -- 5.5 PROSPECTS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 6 FLUOROMODULES: FLUORESCENT DYE-PROTEIN COMPLEXES FOR GENETICALLY ENCODABLE LABELS -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 FLUOROMODULE DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION.

6.3 IMPLEMENTATION -- 6.4 CONCLUSIONS -- 6.5 PROSPECTS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 7 DESIGN OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE FLUORESCENT NUCLEOSIDES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 SOLVATOCHROMIC FLUORESCENT NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS -- 7.3 FLUORESCENTLY LABELED NUCLEOSIDES AND OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES: COVALENT ATTACHMENT OF SOLVATOCHROMIC FLUOROPHORES ONTO THE NATURAL BASES -- 7.4 NUCLEOSIDES WITH DUAL FLUORESCENCE FOR MONITORING DNA HYBRIDIZATION -- 7.5 APPROACH FOR DEVELOPING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE FLUORESCENT (ESF) NUCLEOSIDES -- 7.6 BASE-SELECTIVE FLUORESCENT ESF PROBE -- 7.7 MOLECULAR BEACON (MB) AND ESF NUCLEOSIDES -- 7.8 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 EXPANDING THE NUCLEIC ACID CHEMIST'S TOOLBOX: FLUORESCENT CYTIDINE ANALOGS -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUORESCENT C ANALOGS -- 8.3 IMPLEMENTATION -- 8.4 CONCLUSIONS -- 8.5 PROSPECTS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 SYNTHESIS AND FLUORESCENCE PROPERTIES OF NUCLEOSIDES WITH PYRIMIDOPYRIMIDINE-TYPE BASE MOIETIES -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 DISCOVERY, DESIGN, AND SYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDOPYRIMIDINE NUCLEOSIDES -- 9.3 IMPLEMENTATION -- 9.4 CONCLUSIONS -- 9.5 PROSPECTS AND OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 10 FÖRSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER (FRET) BETWEEN NUCLEOBASE ANALOGS - A TOOL FOR DETAILED STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS INVESTIGATIONS -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 THE TRICYCLIC CYTOSINE FAMILY -- 10.3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST NUCLEIC ACID BASE ANALOG FRET PAIR -- 10.4 CONCLUSIONS -- 10.5 PROSPECTS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 11 FLUORESCENT PURINE ANALOGS THAT SHED LIGHT ON DNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 DESIGN, PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS OF PURINE MIMICS -- 11.3 IMPLEMENTATION -- 11.4 CONCLUSIONS -- 11.5 PROSPECTS AND OUTLOOK -- APPENDIX.

REFERENCES -- 12 DESIGN AND PHOTOPHYSICS OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE ISOMORPHIC FLUORESCENT NUCLEOSIDES -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 DESIGNING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE EMISSIVE NUCLEOSIDES -- 12.3 TWO ISOMORPHIC ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE DESIGNS -- 12.4 PROBING ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY -- 12.5 RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN ISOMORPHIC FLUORESCENT NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS -- 12.6 SUMMARY -- 12.7 PROSPECTS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 13 SITE-SPECIFIC FLUORESCENT LABELING OF NUCLEIC ACIDS BY GENETIC ALPHABET EXPANSION USING UNNATURAL BASE PAIR SYSTEMS -- 13.1 INTRODUCTION -- 13.2 DEVELOPMENT OF UNNATURAL BASE PAIR SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS -- 13.3 IMPLEMENTATION -- 13.4 CONCLUSIONS -- 13.5 PROSPECTS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 14 FLUORESCENT C-NUCLEOSIDES AND THEIR OLIGOMERIC ASSEMBLIES -- 14.1 INTRODUCTION -- 14.2 DESIGN, SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND PROPERTIES OF FLUORESCENT C-GLYCOSIDE MONOMERS -- 14.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF FLUORESCENT C-GLYCOSIDE MONOMERS -- 14.4 OLIGOMERS OF FLUORESCENT C-GLYCOSIDES: DESIGN, SYNTHESIS, AND PROPERTIES -- 14.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF FLUORESCENT C-GLYCOSIDE OLIGOMERS -- 14.6 CONCLUSIONS -- 14.7 PROSPECTS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 15 MEMBRANE FLUORESCENT PROBES: INSIGHTS AND PERSPECTIVES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 15.1 INTRODUCTION -- 15.2 NBD-LABELED LIPIDS: MONITORING SLOW SOLVENT RELAXATION IN MEMBRANES -- 15.3 -AS MEMBRANE PROBES: DEPTH-DEPENDENT SOLVENT RELAXATION AS MEMBRANE DIPSTICK -- 15.4 PYRENE: A MULTIPARAMETER MEMBRANE PROBE -- 15.5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 16 LIPOPHILIC FLUORESCENT PROBES: GUIDES TO THE COMPLEXITY OF LIPID MEMBRANES -- 16.1 INTRODUCTION -- 16.2 LIPIDS, LIPID BILAYERS, AND BIOMEMBRANES -- 16.3 LIPID PHASES, PHASE SEPARATION, AND LIPID ORDERING -- 16.4 FLUORESCENT PROBES FOR MEMBRANE STUDIES.

16.5 CONCLUSIONS -- 16.6 PROSPECTS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 17 FLUORESCENT NEUROTRANSMITTER ANALOGS -- 17.1 INTRODUCTION -- 17.2 DESIGN AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUORESCENT NEUROTRANSMITTERS -- 17.3 APPLICATIONS OF FLUORESCENT NEUROTRANSMITTERS -- 17.4 CONCLUSIONS -- 17.5 PROSPECTS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT.