Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants -- INTRODUCTION -- SUMMARY OF REPORT ON GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SMACS -- REVIEW OF SMAC REPORTS -- REFERENCES -- Appendix A Executive Summary of Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentration for Space Station… -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SPACE STATION CONTAMINANTS -- ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEM -- MODIFICATION OF CONTAMINANT TOXICITY BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS -- SOURCES AND TYPES OF DATA FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF SMACS -- Chemical-Physical Characteristics of Toxicants -- In Vitro Toxicity Studies -- Animal Toxicity Studies -- Clinical and Epidemiological Observations -- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism -- Biological Markers -- RISK ASSESSMENT (DEVELOPMENT OF EXPOSURE CRITERIA) -- ISSUES IN MAKING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SMACS -- Appendix B Reports on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) for Selected Airborne Contaminants -- B1 ACETALDEHYDE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute Toxicity -- Mucosal Irritation -- Miscellaneous Mucosal Effects -- Lethality -- Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity -- Nasal Toxicity -- Pulmonary and Renal Toxicity -- Carcinogenicity -- Genotoxicity -- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity -- Synergistic Effects -- RATIONALE -- Carcinogenicity -- Mucosal Irritation -- The Establishment of SMACs -- REFERENCES -- B2 AMMONIA -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Mechanisms of Tissue Injuries -- Mucosal Irritation in Naive Subjects.

Mucosal Irritation in Adapted Subjects -- Mucosal Irritation in Subjects Of Unknown Adaptation Status -- Toxic Effects of Massive Exposures -- Animal Models of Ammonia's Respiratory Damage -- Metabolic Acidosis -- RATIONALE -- 1-h SMAC and 24-h SMAC -- 7-d SMAC -- 30-d SMAC and 180-d SMAC -- REFERENCES -- B3 CARBON MONOXIDE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- PHARMACOKINETICS -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute Toxicity -- Adaptation -- Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity -- Synergistic Effects -- RATIONALE -- 1-h SMAC -- 24-h SMAC -- 7-d SMAC -- 30-d SMAC and 180-d SMAC -- 1-h and 24-h SMACs Immediately Following CO Exposure -- REFERENCES -- B4 FORMALDEHYDE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute Toxicity -- Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity -- Subchronic Data -- Chronic Data -- Epidemiological Data -- Genetic Toxicity -- Developmental Toxicity -- Synergistic Effects -- RATIONALE -- Mucosal Irritation -- Carcinogenesis -- Establishment of SMACs -- REFERENCES -- B5 FREON 113 -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- PHARMACOKINETICS -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute Toxicity ( 13 w Exposure) -- NOAEL -- Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity -- Kidney Effects -- Memory and Psychomotor Effects -- Mechanistic Studies -- Spaceflight Effects -- Synergism -- RATIONALE -- REFERENCES -- B6 HYDROGEN -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- EXPOSURE LIMITS -- RATIONALE -- REFERENCES -- B7 METHANE.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- PHARMACOKINETICS -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- RATIONALE -- REFERENCES -- B8 METHANOL -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURENCE AND USE -- PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute Toxicity -- Metabolic Acidosis, Headaches, and Ocular Toxicity -- CNS Effects Other Than Headaches -- Subchronic Toxicity -- Headaches and Ocular Toxicity -- Chronic and Genetic Toxicity -- Developmental Toxicity -- RATIONALE -- Headache -- 1-h AC -- 24-h AC -- 7-d, 30-d, and 180-d ACs -- Visual Disturbances -- 1-h AC -- 24-h AC -- 7-d, 30-d, and 180-d ACs -- Establishment of SMACs -- REFERENCES -- B9 OCTAMETHYLTRISILOXANE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- EXPOSURE LIMITS -- RATIONALE -- REFERENCES -- B10 TRIMETHYLSILANOL -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Studies -- Subchronic and Chronic Studies -- Genotoxicity -- EXPOSURE LIMITS -- RATIONALE -- REFERENCES -- B11 VINYL CHLORIDE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM -- TOXICITY SUMMARY -- Acute and Short-Term Toxicity -- Mucosal Irritation -- Miscellaneous Symptoms -- Liver Toxicity -- Central Nervous System Toxicity -- Mortality -- Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity -- Liver Toxicity -- Kidney Toxicity -- Neurological Toxicity -- Effects on the Extremities -- Effects on the Respiratory System -- Effects on the Reproductive System -- Carcinogenicity -- Genotoxicity -- Developmental Toxicity -- Synergistic Effects -- RATIONALE -- Mucosal Irritation -- Headache -- CNS Impairment -- Non-neoplastic CNS Injury -- Liver Toxicity -- Kidney Toxicity -- Lung Toxicity -- Testicular Toxicity -- Carcinogenicity.

Establishment of SMACs -- REFERENCES.