Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals -- Copyright -- OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- THE CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S APPROACH -- Hazard Identification -- Dose-Response Assessment -- Exposure Assessment -- Risk Characterization -- SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTS -- UNCERTAINTIES ASSOCIATED WITH RISK ESTIMATES -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS -- 1 Introduction -- THE CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE -- FLAME RETARDANT PROCESSES -- CALIFORNIA, UNITED KINGDOM, AND EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE -- ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 Assessment of Health Risks from the Use of Flame Retardants -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS -- Hazard Identification -- Observations of Humans -- Studies of Laboratory Animals -- In Vitro Studies -- Discussion -- Toxic Potency or Dose-Response Assessment -- Determination of Toxic Potency for Noncancer Effects -- Uncertainty Factors -- Interspecies Extrapolation -- Intraspecies Extrapolation -- Extrapolation from Subchronic to Chronic Exposures -- Extrapolation from LOAEL to NOAEL -- Route-to-Route Extrapolation -- Adjustment to Account for Poor Quality of the Database -- Overall Uncertainty Factor -- Carcinogenic Potency -- Exposure1 Assessment for Flame Retardants -- Risk Characterization of Flame Retardants -- Risk Characterization of Noncarcinogenic Effects -- Risk Characterization of Carcinogenic Effects -- REFERENCES -- 3 Exposure Assessment Methodology -- DERMAL EXPOSURE SCENARIO -- First Iteration -- Alternative Iteration -- INHALATION EXPOSURE SCENARIO -- Particles -- Vapors -- Uncertainty in the Inhalation Exposure Estimates -- ORAL EXPOSURE SCENARIO -- Uncertainties in the Oral Exposure Estimate -- REFERENCES -- 4 Hexabromocyclododecane.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS -- HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Dermal Exposure -- Irritation -- Dermal Sensitization -- Systemic Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Inhalation Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Oral Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Cancer -- Other Systemic Effects -- Genotoxicity -- QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT -- Noncancer -- Dermal Assessment -- Inhalation RfC -- Oral RfD -- Cancer -- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Noncancer Assessment -- Dermal Exposure -- First Iteration -- Alternative Iteration -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral Exposure -- Cancer Assessment -- RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Decabromodiphenyl Oxide -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS -- HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Dermal Exposure -- Irritation/Sensitization -- Systemic Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Inhalation Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Oral Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Cancer -- Other Systemic Effects -- Genotoxicity -- QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT -- Noncancer -- Dermal Assessment -- Inhalation RfC -- Oral RfD -- Cancer -- Oral -- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Noncancer -- Dermal Exposure -- First Iteration -- Alternative Iteration -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral Exposure -- Cancer -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral Exposure -- RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Alumina Trihydrate -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS -- Absorption -- Dermal Exposure.

Inhalation Exposure -- Oral Exposure -- Distribution and Metabolism -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Oral Exposure -- Other Routes of Exposure -- Excretion -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Oral Exposure -- HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Dermal Exposure -- Irritation -- Systemic Effects -- Inhalation Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Neurological Effects -- Cancer -- Other Systemic Effects -- Oral Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Neurological Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Genotoxicity -- QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT -- Noncancer -- Dermal Assessment -- Inhalation RfC -- Oral RfD -- Cancer -- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Noncancer -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral Exposure -- Cancer -- RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Magnesium Hydroxide -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS -- Absorption -- Dermal -- Inhalation -- Oral -- Distribution -- Dermal and Inhalation -- Oral -- Metabolism -- Excretion -- Dermal and Inhalation -- Oral -- HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Cancer -- Oral Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Human Data -- Animal Data -- Immunological and Neurological Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Cancer -- Genotoxicity -- QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT -- Noncancer -- Dermal Assessment -- Inhalation RfC -- Oral RfD -- Carcinogenicity -- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Noncancer -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral Exposure -- Cancer -- RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 8 Zinc Borate -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.

OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS -- Absorption -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Metabolism and Distribution -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Excretion -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Dermal Exposure -- Irritation and Sensitization -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Systemic Effects -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Other Systemic Effects -- Inhalation Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Immunological Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Cancer -- Other Systemic Effects -- Oral Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Immunological Effects -- Neurological Effects -- Cancer -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Genotoxicity -- Zinc Borate -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT -- Noncancer -- Dermal Assessment -- Inhalation RfC -- Oral RfD -- Zinc Oxide -- Boric Acid -- Zinc Borate -- Cancer -- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Noncancer -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particulates -- Vapor -- Oral Exposure -- Cancer -- RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Calcium and Zinc Molybdates -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Metabolism -- Excretion -- HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Dermal Exposure -- Irritation -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Systemic Effects -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Inhalation Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Immunological Effects -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects.

Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Carcinogenicity -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Oral Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Immunological Effects -- Molybdenum compounds -- Zinc -- Neurological Effects -- Molybdenum compounds -- Zinc -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Cancer -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- Genotoxicity -- Molybdenum Compounds -- Zinc -- QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT -- Noncancer -- Dermal Assessment -- Inhalation RfC -- Oral RfD -- Cancer -- Dermal -- Inhalation -- Oral -- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Noncancer -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral Exposure -- Cancer -- Dermal Exposure -- Inhalation Exposure -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral Exposure -- RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 10 Antimony Trioxide -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- OCCURRENCE AND USE -- TOXICOKINETICS -- Absorption -- Distribution -- Metabolism and Excretion -- HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Dermal Exposure -- Irritation -- Sensitization -- Systemic Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Inhalation Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Cancer -- Other Systemic Effects -- Oral Exposure -- Systemic Effects -- Other Systemic Effects -- Genotoxicity -- QUANTITATIVE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT -- Noncancer -- Dermal Assessment -- Inhalation RfC -- Oral RfD -- Cancer -- Dermal -- Inhalation -- Oral -- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT AND RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Noncancer -- Dermal -- Inhalation -- Particles -- Vapors -- Oral Exposure -- Cancer -- Inhalation (Particles) -- Inhalation (Vapors) -- RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- DATA GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- 11 Antimony Pentoxide and Sodium Antimonate -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.

OCCURRENCE AND USE.