Fuels to Drive Our Future -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LIQUID FUELS R&D -- Major Funding Areas -- Moderate Funding Areas -- Modest Funding Areas -- 1 Introduction -- OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY -- U.S. R&D FOR LIQUID FUELS PRODUCTION FROM DOMESTIC RESOURCES -- CURRENT CONCERNS ABOUT ENERGY AND THE U.S. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM -- Dependence on Imported Petroleum -- Local Air Quality -- Global Warming -- INCREASING THE USE OF DOMESTIC RESOURCES -- PLANNING SCENARIOS -- Economic Scenarios -- Environmental Scenarios -- Energy Security Scenarios -- ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY AND REPORT -- 2 Conventional Petroleum, Enhanced Oil Recovery, and Natural Gas -- REMAINING DOMESTIC OIL AND GAS RESOURCES -- Oil Resources -- Gas Resources -- Natural Gas Liquids -- PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES AND PROCESSES -- UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS -- TIME AND INVESTMENT REQUIRED FOR INCREASED OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION -- LOSS OF RESERVE GROWTH AND EOR POTENTIAL -- TECHNOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES -- DOE RESEARCH PROGRAM -- SUMMARY -- 3 Production Costs for Alternative Liquid Fuels Sources -- STRUCTURE OF THE ANALYSIS -- COST ESTIMATES FOR THE VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES -- ISSUES OF FUEL DISTRIBUTION AND USE -- End-Use Issues -- Fuel Distribution Issues -- CONCLUSIONS -- 4 Conversion Technologies and R&D Opportunities -- PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN AND SYNTHESIS GAS -- The DOE Program -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- HEAVY OIL CONVERSION -- Commercial Processes -- Processes with Limited Commercial Application -- Fuel Properties -- Environmental Considerations -- Opportunities for Cost Reduction -- DOE Research Program Recommendations -- TAR SANDS RECOVERY AND PROCESSING -- Mining -- Recovery -- Extraction -- Retorting -- Upgrading -- Environmental Considerations -- Economics -- Recommended Areas of Research for DOE -- OIL SHALE.

State of Technology Development -- Shale Properties and Process -- Mining and Disposal -- Retorting -- Upgrading -- Advanced Retorting Technologies -- Environmental Considerations -- Potential for Cost Reductions in Oil Shale Processes -- Recommendations for DOE Research Program for Oil Shale Development -- Research Areas -- Timetable for Development of Oil Shale Technology -- SYNGAS-BASED FUELS -- Methanol from Syngas -- Methanol-Derived Fuels -- Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) -- Methanol Conversion to Olefins and Diesel -- Methanol for Electricity Generation -- F-T Synthesis and Product Upgrading -- Commercial F-T Processes -- F-T Processes Under Development -- Economics -- Conclusion and Recommendations for the DOE Program -- DIRECT COAL LIQUEFACTION -- Technology -- Fuel Properties -- Environmental Considerations -- Potential Cost Reduction -- DOE Program on Direct Liquefaction -- Conclusion -- COAL-OIL COPROCESSING -- Recent Developments -- Current Developments -- Fuel Properties -- Environmental Considerations -- Opportunities for Cost Reduction -- Recommendation for the DOE Program -- COAL PYROLYSIS -- Description of the Technology -- Fuel Properties -- Environmental Considerations -- Economics -- Recommendations for DOE Research -- DIRECT CONVERSION OF NATURAL GAS -- Technology and State of Development -- Economics -- Recommendations for the DOE -- 5 Environmental Impacts of Alternative Fuels -- AIR QUALITY, HEALTH, AND SAFETY EFFECTS -- Automobile Exhaust Emissions and Air Quality -- Air Quality Impacts of Diesel Engines -- Safety -- Toxicity -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS -- Conclusion -- 6 Major Conclusions and Recommendations for R&D on Liquid Transportation Fuels -- OVERVIEW -- R&D Issues -- Timing of Commercial Applications -- Potential Size of the Applications -- Potential for Cost Reduction.

Need for DOE Participation -- RESOURCES -- Petroleum, Heavy Oils, and Tar -- Natural Gas and Synthesis Gas -- Coal and Oil Shale Conversion -- ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS -- MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Major Funding Areas -- Medium Funding Areas -- Modest Funding Areas -- Appendixes -- A Statement of Task -- B Committee Meetings and Activities -- C U.S. and World Resources of Hydrocarbons -- D Cost Analysis Methods -- Structure of Analysis -- Specific Factors -- Discount Rate -- Annual Capital Charge Factors -- Plant Investment Costs -- Cost Estimates for the Various Technologies -- E Technologies for Converting Heavy Oil -- Commercial Carbon Rejection Processes -- Delayed Coking -- Fluid Coking -- Flexicoking -- Resid FCC and Heavy Oil Cracking -- Developmental Carbon Rejection Processes with Limited Commercial Demonstration -- Asphalt Residue Treatment (ART) Process -- Commercial Hydrogen Addition Processes -- Fixed Bed Residuum or Vacuum Residuum Desulfurization (RDS/VRDS) -- Bunker Flow or Hycon Process -- Ebullating Bed Processes -- Developmental Hydrogen Addition Processes with Limited Commercial Demonstration -- F Retorting Technologies for Oil Shale -- Hot Gas Retorting Processes -- Hot Solid Retorting Processes -- G Research, Development, and Demonstration Definitions -- Research -- Fundamental Research -- Exploratory Research -- Catalyst Development -- Process Research -- Development and Demonstration -- Catalyst Development -- Process Development -- Process Demonstration -- Program Area -- H Coprocessing Technology -- I Technical Data for Coal Pyrolysis -- J Description of Technologies for Direct Conversion of Natural Gas -- Cold Flame Oxidation -- Direct Oxidation -- Oxychlorination -- Indirect Oxidation (Oxidative Coupling to Ethylene) -- Catalytic Pyrolysis -- Strong Acid Conversion -- Biological Conversion.

K Temperature Characteristics of High-Temperature Gas Reactors -- Glossary -- References and Bibliography -- Index.