International Law for Humankind -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Glossary of Abbreviations -- Introduction: Preliminary Considerations -- Part I Prolegomena -- Chapter I The Evolution towards a New Jus Gentium: The International Law for Humankind -- I. The Historical Emergence of Jus Gentium -- II. The Legacy of the Evolving Jus Gentium: Recta Ratio and the Pursuit of the Common Good -- III. The Fragmentation of Jus Gentium into Jus inter Gentes -- IV. The Fallacy of Voluntarist Positivism -- V. International Law-Making and the Reconstruction of Jus Gentium -- VI. International Law, Pluralism and Universalism -- VII. The Identification of the Basic Feature of the New Jus Gentium -- VIII. The Universalist Conception of International Law -- Chapter II Time and Law Revisited: International Law and the Temporal Dimension -- I. Introduction -- II. Time and Law: Some Precisions and Lessons -- III. The Incidence of the Temporal Dimension in International Law -- IV. Time and International Law in Face of New Needs of Protection -- V. The Presence of the Preventive Dimension in Domains of Protection -- VI. The Expansion of Provisional Measures of Protection -- VII. The Myopia of Political "Realism" -- VIII. Concluding Observations -- Part II Foundations of International Law -- Chapter III Foundations of International Law: The Role and Importance of Its Basic Principles -- I. Introduction -- II. The Position and Role of the General Principles of Law -- III. The Fundamental Principles as Substratum of the Legal Order Itself -- IV. The Acknowledgement of General Principles of Law by the Statute of the Hague Court (PCIJ and ICJ) -- 1. General Principles of Law and the Quest for Justice.

2. Principles of International Law as Pillars of the International Legal System -- V. The 1970 U.N. Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States Revisited -- 1. General Considerations in Historical Perspective -- 2. The Formulation of the Principles of International Law -- 3. The 1970 Declaration of Principles as a Contribution to the Identification of the Opinio Juris Communis -- VI. Concluding Observations -- 1. The Sustained Validity of the Principles of International Law -- 2. The Projection in Time of the Evolving Principle of Self-Determination of Peoples -- 3. Principles of International Law, the Quest for Justice and the Universality of International Law -- Chapter IV The Primacy of International Law over Force -- I. Introduction -- II. The Crystallization and Continuing Validity of the Principle of Non-Use of Force -- III. The Primacy of Law over Force as a Cornerstone of Contemporary International Law -- IV. The Emerging Right to Humanitarian Assistance -- V. The Decivilizing Effects of Unwarranted Use of Force -- VI. Final Observations: The Primacy of Law over Force as an Imperative of Jus Cogens -- Part III Formation of International Law -- Chapter V Contemporary International Law-making: A Reassessment of the Theory of Formal "Sources" of International Law -- I. Introduction -- II. General Considerations on the Formal "Sources" of International Law -- III. The Formal "Sources" Enumerated in Article 38 of the ICJ Statute -- 1. International Custom -- 2. Treaties -- 3. General Principles of Law -- 4. Judicial and Arbitral Decisions -- 5. Doctrine -- 6. Equity -- IV. The Formal "Sources" Not Enumerated in Article 38 of the ICJ Statute -- 1. Unilateral Juridical Acts of States -- 2. Resolutions of International Organizations.

V. The Process of Formation of Contemporary International Law: From Consent to Consensus -- VI. Opinio Juris beyond Custom: Its Wide Scope and Role in the Formation of Contemporary International Law -- Chapter VI The Material Source of International Law: Manifestations of the Universal Juridical Conscience -- I. Introduction: Insufficiencies of the Formal "Sources" and the Relevance of the Material "Source" of International Law -- II. Human Conscience, Recta Ratio, and the Universality of International Law -- III. The Material Source of International Law Beyond State Legal Positivism -- IV. Invocation and Assertion of Juridical Conscience in International Treaties -- V. Universal Juridical Conscience: The Historical Significance of the Martens Clause -- VI. Invocation of Juridical Conscience in Judicial Proceedings and International Case-Law -- VII. Invocation and Assertion of Juridical Conscience in International Legal Doctrine -- VIII. Final Observations: The Achievements of International Law and the Universal Juridical Conscience -- Part IV Subjects of International Law -- Chapter VII States as Subjects of International Law and the Expansion of International Legal Personality -- I. Introduction: International Legal Personality Expanded -- II. Statehood and Recognition -- III. Rights and Duties of States -- IV. States and the Expansion of International Law -- V. The Erosion of the Domestic Jurisdiction of States -- VI. Final Observations: States and the New Horizons of International Legal Personality -- Chapter VIII International Organizations as Subjects of International Law -- I. Introduction: International Organizations and the Modification of the Structure of the International Legal Order.

II. International Organizations and the Ideal of the Realization of Justice -- III. International Organizations and the Expansion of International Legal Personality and Responsibility -- IV. The Expansion of International Law Itself by the Law of International Organizations -- 1. International Organizations and the Ascertainment of Opinio Juris -- 2. International Organizations and Treaty-Making Capacity -- 3. Composition of International Organizations: Evolving Issues -- 4. The Growth of Multilateralism and International Cooperation -- V. The Projected Reforms of the International Organizations, Particularly of the United Nations -- VI. Concluding Observations: The Contribution of International Organizations to the Progressive Development of International Law -- 1. International Organizations: Contents and Legal Effects of Resolutions -- 2. Responses to New Needs and Aspirations of the International Community -- Chapter IX The Legal Personality of the Individual as Subject of International Law -- I. Introduction -- II. The Individual as Subject of the Emerging Law of Nations -- III. The Attempted Exclusion of the Individual from the International Legal Order -- IV. The Individual's Presence and Participation in the International Legal Order -- V. The Rescue of the Individual as Subject of International Law -- VI. The Legal Personality of the Individual as a Response to a Need of the International Community -- VII. The Attribution of Duties to the Individual Directly by International Law -- VIII. Personality and Capacity: The Individual's Access to Justice at International Level -- IX. Final Observations: The Historical Significance of the International Subjectivity of the Individual -- Chapter X The Legal Capacity of the Individual as Subject of International Law -- I. Introduction.

II. The International Legal Capacity of the Individual: Legal Foundations, Nature and Scope -- 1. Legal Foundations of the Access of the Human Being to International Tribunals -- 2. Juridical Nature and Scope of the Right of InternationalIndividual Petition -- III. The Emancipation of the Individual from His Own State -- IV. The Locus Standi of Individuals in the Procedures before International Human Rights Tribunals -- 1. Developments in the European System of Protection -- 2. Developments in the Inter-American System of Protection -- V. The Individual Right of Direct Access (Jus Standi) to International Human Rights Tribunals -- 1. Antecedents of Domestic Law: The Subjective Right, and the Direct Access (Jus Standi) to National Tribunals -- 2. Developments in International Law: The Direct Access (Jus Standi) to International Human Rights Tribunals -- VI. The Right of Access Lato Sensu of Individuals to International Justice -- VII. Concluding Observations -- Chapter XI Humankind as a Subject of International Law -- I. The Perception and Awareness of Common and Superior Interests of Humankind as Such -- II. The Fundamental Principle of Humanity -- III. Humankind and Considerations of Humanity: A Conceptual Precision -- IV. The Emergence of Humankind as a Subject of International Law -- V. Legal Consequences of the Acknowledgement of Humankind as Subject of International Law -- 1. Th e Relevance of the Human Rights Framework -- 2. Th e Question of the Capacity to Act and Legal Representation -- Part V Construction of the International Law for Humankind -- Chapter XII Conceptual Constructions: Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes -- I. Introduction: Fundamental Values of the International Community -- II. International Jus Cogens (Peremptory Norms of General International Law).

1. Emergence and Content of Jus Cogens.