Preface -- 1 The start of the paths -- 1.1 Newton's absolute space and time -- 1.2 Light versus absolute space and time -- 1.3 Space-time events and intervals -- 1.4 Space-time measurements and Lorentz transformations -- 1.5 The Minkowski diagram -- 2 General Relativity: apparent acceleration of gravity -- 2.1 Gravitation as an apparent force -- 2.2 Principle of Equivalence -- 2.3 Lagrangians and motion of bodies -- 2.4 Integrals of motion -- 3 Tests of General Relativity -- 3.1 The Schwarzschild metric and the gravitational redshift -- 3.3 Orbits in General Relativity -- 3.2 Deflection of light -- 4 Curved space in cosmology -- 4.1 Non-Euclidean geometries -- 4.2 Curvature of 3-space -- 5 Finite versus infinite universe in space and time -- 5.1 Observation of an isotropic universe -- 5.2 A finite universe in time -- 5.3 The age of the universe via its "oldest objects" -- 5.4 Observational discovery of the expanding universe -- 5.5 Problems with the Hubble constant and the age of the universe -- 6 Cosmology and the "first appearance" of dark energy -- 6.1 A first formulation of dark energy: Einstein's finite static universe -- 6.2 Cosmological redshift and Friedmann's evolving universes -- 6.3 The Hubble constant in the Friedmann standard model -- 7 Einstein's equations, criticai density and dark energy -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The path to Einstein equations with the cosmological constant -- 7.3 Interpretations of the cosmological constant -- 8 Modei Universes -- 8.1 Friedmann equation -- 8.2 The Einstein-de Sitter universe (critical density Friedmann case with no dark energy) -- 8.3 The de Sitter universe (introduction dark energy with no matter) -- 8.4 The Concordance Model (both matter and dark energy so k = 0) -- 8.5 Testing via the small scale Newtonian limit.

8.6 Newtonian cosmology and the "k" parameter -- 9 Dark energy discovered -- 9.1 The era of zero-Lambda models -- 9.2 Cosmological angular-diameter distance estimates -- 9.3 Cosmological standard candle distance estimates -- 9.4 More luminous standard candles -- 9.5 Observational discovery of dark energy -- 9.6 Type Ia supernovae redshifts and distances vs uniform expansion -- 9.7 Could it be some problem with the standard candle method? -- 9.8 Modified gravity theories -- 10 Relics: cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons and neutrinos -- 10.1 The prediction and discovery of the CMB -- 10.2 The Big Bang components -- 10.3 The early radiation-dominated universe -- 10.4 Properties of cosmic microwave background radiation -- 10.5 Why a CMB thermal spectrum? -- 10.6 Relic neutrinos and Ω -- 11 Baryonic matter -- 11.1 Why matter and not also anti-matter? -- 11.2 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis prediction and processes -- 11.3 Baryon nucleosynthesis abundances and cosmological implications -- 11.4 The baryon content of cosmic systems -- 11.5 The Lyman alpha forest -- 12 Discovering dark matter -- 12.1 Dark matter in the Milky Way disk near the Sun -- 12.2 Dark matter discovery in clusters via the Virial Theorem -- 12.3 Subclusters in rich Clusters of galaxies -- 12.4 Dark matter discovery in Clusters via the Cluster gas -- 12.5 Dark matter in the Milky Way disk and its halo -- 12.6 Dark matter discovery inside disk galaxies via rotation curves -- 12.7 Dark matter discovery in the Local Group -- 12.8 Dark matter in binary Galaxy systems -- 12.9 Dark matter discovery via gravitational lensing -- 12.10 Dark matter in different scales -- 12.11 The importance and nature of dark matter versus baryonic matter -- 13 Dark matter and baryonic structures -- 13.1 Newton's concept of gravitational instability -- 13.2 Basic hydrodynamics.

13.3 Jeans Criterion -- 13.4 Jeans Criterion for collisionless dark matter gas -- 13.5 Jeans Criterion in the expanding universe -- 13.6 Evolution of density perturbations -- 13.7 Jeans mass in the early universe -- 13.8 Free streaming in dark matter -- 13.9 Dark matter perturbations -- 13.10 Dark matter drag -- 13.11 Termination of gravitational instability -- 13.12 Dark matter and baryonic structures -- 14 Dark energy and gravitating matter from structure in the universe -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Describing structure in the CMB radiation -- 14.3 The Power Spectrum -- 14.4 Perturbations of the gravitational potential -- 14.5 Harrison-Zeldovich spectrum of density perturbations -- 14.6 Perturbations and CMB -- 14.7 The cosmic horizon at CMB emission -- 14.8 The origin of peaks in CMB angular size spectrum -- 14.9 Cosmological parameters from CMB peaks: additional primary observations -- 14.10 Spatial Correlations of Galaxies -- 14.11 The CMB and the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) spectrum -- 14.12 The dark energy equation of state: is dark energy density a function of time? -- 14.13 Dark energy determined from gravitational lensing of the CMB -- 14.14 Cosmic 3D space: finite or infinite? -- 15 The local path to dark energy -- 15.1 A gravitating system within dark energy: the zero-gravity radius -- 15.2 Dynamical structure of a gravitating system within dark energy -- 15.3 Dark energy and determination of mass in systems of galaxies -- 15.4 Towards local measurement of dark energy -- 15.5 The Hubble law and dark energy -- 15.6 Redshift asymmetry as signature of dark energy -- 16 Cosmological inflation -- 16.1 Physics of the vacuum -- 16.2 Why does the universe expand? -- 16.3 Why is the universe uniform? -- 16.4 Scalar fields -- 16.5 Equation of motion -- 16.6 Reheating after inflation.

16.7 Density perturbations and gravitational waves -- 17 Cosmic internal symmetry -- 17.1 Time-independent parameters of the Metagalaxy -- 17.2 The Friedmann integrals -- 17.3 The physics behind COINS -- 17.4 Coincidence problem -- 17.5 Dicke's flatness problem and solutions -- 17.6 Big numbers -- 17.7 Extra dimensions? -- 17.8 New naturalness -- 17.9 Protogalactic perturbations -- Bibliography -- Index.