Infectious Disease Surveillance -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword to the Second Edition -- Foreword to the First Edition -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- Acknowledgments -- Weighing of the Heart -- SECTION ONE Introduction to Infectious Disease Surveillance -- 1 Infectious disease surveillance: a cornerstone for prevention and control -- Introduction -- Definition and scope of infectious disease surveillance -- What happens in the absence of infectious disease surveillance? -- The value of surveillance -- Guide seasonal vaccine formulation -- Guide vaccination strategies -- Assess vaccine safety -- Monitor adverse events associated with transfusion and transplantation -- Inform antimicrobial stewardship programs -- Control emergence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms in domesticated animals -- Guide allocation of resources for disease prevention and treatment programs -- Identify outbreaks and guide disease control interventions -- Core infectious disease surveillance and disease-reporting systems -- Disease reporters -- Laboratory-based surveillance -- Diseases selected for surveillance -- Case definitions -- Data flow -- Dissemination of data -- Internationally notifiable diseases-International Health Regulations -- Additional types of surveillance systems and emerging technologies -- Active surveillance -- Sentinel surveillance -- Animal reservoir and vector surveillance -- Detection of pathogens in the environment -- Surveillance across borders and mobile populations -- Use of health services and administrative data for disease surveillance -- Risk factor surveillance -- Emerging mobile technologies -- Surveillance based on media reports and computer algorithms -- Surveillance collaborations with partners outside traditional human public health systems.

Challenges and promises for the future of infectious disease surveillance -- Training in public health surveillance and epidemiology -- Evaluating and improving surveillance systems -- References -- 2 Origins and progress in surveillance systems -- Introduction -- Development of the concept of surveillance -- Surveillance in public health practice -- Opportunities and challenges in public health surveillance -- References -- 3 Use of surveillance in disease eradication efforts -- PART 1: Introduction to the concept and use of surveillance in the eradication of smallpox -- Introduction -- Smallpox eradication -- Development of the surveillance concept -- Surveillance in the smallpox program -- Status of routine case detection and reporting-1967 -- Actions taken to improve case detection and reporting -- Primary surveillance system -- Secondary surveillance systems -- Dissemination of information within countries -- International data collection and dissemination -- Conclusion -- References -- Additional resources -- PART 2: Lessons learned in Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis) eradication -- Introduction -- The parasite and international norms -- The focal area strategy -- Water and the affected populations -- Finding a starting point: the focal area strategy -- Community-based surveillance in Southern Sudan -- Flow of reports -- Surveillance as the primary tool for management -- Lessons learned -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- PART 3: Surveillance for measles eradication in countries with limited resources -- Introduction -- Evolution of measles surveillance -- Case-based reporting and case definitions -- Case definitions -- The clinical case definition -- Laboratory confirmation -- Molecular epidemiology -- Quality control of measles surveillance -- Challenges to surveillance for measles eradication -- Future steps -- References.

4 Infectious disease surveillance and the International Health Regulations -- Background -- A brief history of the World Health Organization and the International Health Regulations -- The World Health Organization -- International Sanitary Regulations (1951) and International Health Regulations (1969) -- The revision of the International Health Regulations -- Weaknesses of the prior International Health Regulations regarding surveillance -- The changing world: emergence and re-emergence of diseases -- International travel and trade -- Drug resistance, environmental changes, and civil conflicts -- Naturally occurring, accidental, and deliberately caused events -- Severe acute respiratory syndrome and the global reaction -- The negotiation process -- International Health Regulations (2005) implementation, pandemic, and review: 2007-11 -- Surveillance-related provisions in the International Health Regulations (2005) -- Overview of the World Health Organization event process and surveillance -- National IHR Focal Points and WHO IHR Contact Points -- Critical terms in the International Health Regulations (2005): disease and event -- Role of the World Health Organization: surveillance, responding to State Party event reports, use of unofficial sources, and verification -- Role of States Parties: notification, consultation, and reports of imported and exported cases -- Notification to the World Health Organization -- Selected developments regarding notification (and related surveillance) under the International Health Regulations (2005) -- Other reporting to the World Health Organization -- Further surveillance-related provisions -- Conclusion: the International Health Regulations (2005), implementation, the experience and the future -- References -- 5 Supranational surveillance in the European Union -- Introduction.

Rationale for supranational surveillance in the European Union -- History of the establishment of supranational surveillance in the European Union -- The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control -- Surveillance strategy of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2007-13) -- Components of supranational surveillance -- Authorized users -- Goals and specific objectives -- Case definitions -- Data collected -- Data quality -- Data flow -- Data analysis -- Access to supranational surveillance data -- Feedback and dissemination of surveillance information -- Link to action -- Continuous monitoring of quality and evaluation -- Lessons learned and recommendations -- Strengths and challenges for European Union surveillance -- Future directions -- References -- SECTION TWO Program Area Surveillance Systems -- 6 Active, population-based surveillance for infectious diseases -- Introduction -- Emerging infections programs: an overview -- Active Bacterial Core surveillance -- International Emerging Infections Program -- Definition and rationale for active, population-based surveillance -- Methodology: setting up active, population-based surveillance -- Selection of diseases under surveillance -- Engaging surveillance partners -- Case definition -- Calculations of disease incidence: importance of numerators and denominators -- Case ascertainment -- Data collection -- Data management -- System monitoring and evaluation -- Data analysis and feedback -- Key advantages and ongoing challenges of active, population-based surveillance -- Examples of the use and impact of active, population-based surveillance -- Early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease: use of routine active, population-based US surveillance data and information from supplementary surveillance-based studies to guide disease prevention.

Impact of introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) on invasive pneumococcal disease -- Establishing the incidence and cost of seasonal influenza to guide vaccine decisions in Thailand -- Epidemiology of the 2009 pandemic influenza [A(H1N1)pdm09]: use of a routine active, population-based surveillance system to detect, understand, and describe pandemic influenza -- Summary and recommendations -- References -- Additional resources -- 7 Surveillance for foodborne diseases -- PART 1: Approaches to surveillance for foodborne diseases -- Introduction -- Objectives of foodborne disease surveillance -- General methods in foodborne disease surveillance -- Syndromic surveillance -- Laboratory-based surveillance -- Integrated food chain surveillance -- Strategies for foodborne disease surveillance -- Routine surveillance for notifiable diseases -- Laboratory subtyping of pathogens -- Sentinel site surveillance -- Hospital discharge records and death registration -- Foodborne disease complaint systems -- Reports of outbreaks -- Additional uses of surveillance data -- Enhancing surveillance internationally -- Recommendations for foodborne disease surveillance -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Additional resources -- PART 2: Investigation of foodborne disease outbreaks -- Introduction -- Outbreaks associated with an event or establishment -- Outbreaks detected by pathogen-specific surveillance -- Case study -- Communication during outbreak investigations -- Discussion and summary -- References -- PART 3: Surveillance for antimicrobial resistance among foodborne bacteria-the US approach -- Introduction -- Key partnerships in surveillance for antimicrobial-resistant foodborne bacteria in the USA -- Human isolates, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA), nationwide surveillance.

Retail meat isolates, the US Food and Drug Administration (Laurel, MD).