TABLE OF CONTENTS -- LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 WESTERN EUROPEAN ASYLUM POLICIES FOR EXPORT: THE TRANSFER OF PROTECTION AND DEFLECTION FORMULAS TO CENTRAL EUROPE AND THE BALTICS -- 1.I: The EU Accession Process -- 1.ll: Non-Admission and Non-Arrival Policies -- 1.II.A: Various Types of Deflection of Asylum Seekers -- 1.ll.B: Deflection Policies with a Particular Impact on Central European States -- 1.II.C: Shifting Responsibility and Creating Safe Third Countries -- 1.lll: Safe Third Country Practices -- 1.lll.A: The Notion of a Safe Third Country -- 1.lll.B: The Dublin Convention and EU Member States as Safe Third Countries -- 1.lll.C: Harmonization and Safe Third Country Practices -- 1.lll.D: Accession, Enlargement and Safe Third Country Practices -- 1.IV: Reshuffling Protection Burdens -- 2 THE CENTRAL LINK: GERMANY, POLAND AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC -- 2.I: Germany -- 2.I.A: Policy -- 2.I.B: Practices -- 2.I.C: Conclusion -- 2.II: Poland -- 2.II.1 General Situation and Policy -- 2.II.B: Changes in the Law -- 2.II.C: Conclusions -- 2.Ill: The Czech Republic -- 2.III.A: Transit or Destination State? -- 2.III.B: Legislative Practices -- 2.III.C: Conclusion -- 2.IV: Conclusions on the Central Link -- 2.IV.A: The Proliferation of Strategies and Counter-Strategies -- 2.IV.B: Numbers -- 2.IV.C: The New Orbiters -- 3 THE SOUTHERN LINK: AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY -- 3.I: Austria -- 3.I.A: Introduction -- 3.I.B: Developments in Domestic Legislation -- 3.I.C: Building a New Curtain -- 3.I.D: Transposing the Acquis -- 3.I.E: Austrian Policies Targeting Hungary -- 3.II: Hungary -- 3.II.A: Introduction: Notes on the History of Migratory Movements in Hungary -- 3.II.B: Challenges Shaping Hungary's Role and Policy over the Last Decade -- 3.II.C: The Challenge Posed by the EU -- 3.II.D: The Practice in its Changing Form.

3.II.E: Conclusion -- 3.Ill: Concluding Observations on the Southern Link -- 4 THE NORTHERN LINK -- 4.I Nordic Policy Responses to the Baltic Asylum Challenge -- 4.I.A: Strategic Aspects of the Nordic-Baltic Relationship -- 4.I.B: Political Self-Interests and Dependencies -- 4.I.C: Cooperation and Coordination on Asylum and Migration Issues -- 4.I.D: Protection vs. Exclusion as the Objective of Cooperation -- 4.II: Lithuania -- 4.II.A: Factors which Prompted Establishment of Asylum Systems -- 4.II.B: Legislative Practice: Balancing Refugee Protection against Exclusion -- 4.II.C: Policy Strategies -- 4.Ill: Latvia -- 4.III.A: Factors which Prompted Establishment of the Asylum System -- 4.III.B: Legislative Practice: Balancing Refugee Protection against Exclusion -- 4.III.C: Capacity Building -- 4.IV: Estonia -- 4.IV.A: Factors which Prompted the Establishment of Asylum Systems -- 4.IV.B: Legislative Practices: Balancing Refugee Protection against Exclusion -- 4.IV.C: Policy Strategies -- 4.V: Concluding Observations on the Northern Link -- 5 PROTECTION IN A SPIRIT OF SOLIDARITY? -- 5.I: The Role of Burden-Sharing in the Enlargement Context -- 5.I.A: The Objective of Burden-sharing -- 5.I.B: The Scope of Burden-sharing -- 5.II: A Synopsis of Burden-Sharing in the EU Context -- 5.II.A: Bosnia and Kosovo as Problem Indicators -- 5.II.B: Standard-Setting and Regime-Building Efforts in the EU -- 5.Ill: Burden-Concentration in Europe -- 5.III.A: The Dublin Convention -- 5.III.B: Safe Third Countries in the East -- 5.IV: Conclusions -- 6 TITLE IV TEC AND THE SCHENGEN INTEGRATION PROTOCOL WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO IMPLICATIONS ON ACCESSION CANDIDATES -- 6.I: Introduction -- 6.II.A: New Areas of Jurisdiction in Title IV of the TEC -- the Third Pillar Acquis in the Fields of Asylum and Refugee Law to be Implemented in the First Pillar.

6.II.B: Forms of Legal Action -- Possibilities of Incorporating the Acquis to Date into Community Law -- 6.II.C: Jurisdictions of the ECJ -- 6.II.D: Implications for Accession Candidates -- 6.II.E: The Schengen Protocol -- Incorporating the Schengen Acquis into Community or Union Law -- 6.II.F: Issues of Transparency -- 6.II.G: The Asylum Protocol -- 6.Ill: Résumé -- 7 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CENTRAL EUROPE AND THE BALTIC STATES IN THE ASYLUM FIELD: A VIEW FROM UNHCR AND THE STRATEGIES OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR ENHANCING THE ASYLUM SYSTEMS OF THE REGION -- 7.I: Introduction -- 7.II: Recent Developments in the Central European and Baltic States -- 7.II.A: Important Achievements in Building Asylum Systems -- 7.II.B: The Forces Driving Progress -- 7.II.C: Some Problems Still to be Overcome -- 7.II.D: Prevention of Illegal Migration and Refugee Protection -- 7.Ill: UNHCR's Objectives and Strategies in Central Europe and the Baltic States -- 7.III.A: How to Proceed in the New Asylum Countries? -- 7.III.B: The Prime Objectives of UNHCR in the CEBS -- 7.III.C: UNHCR's Main Activities in the Region -- 7.IV: EU Involvement in Institution and Capacity Building in the Central European and Baltic States -- 7.V: EU Harmonization and the EU Acquis on Asylum: UNHCR's Perspective on the Implications for the Central European and Baltic States -- 7.V.A: UNHCR's View of the EU Harmonization Process -- 7.V.B: The EU Acquis as an Asset for Refugee Protection in the CEBS -- 7.V.C: The EU Acquis on Asylum and International Refugee Law Standards -- 7.VI: Assessing the Results of UNHCR's Strategy -- 7.VII: An Attempt to Predict the Future -- 7.VII.A: The Continued Momentum Created by EU Accession -- 7.VII.B: Some Problems that may Persist -- 7.VII.C: Future UNHCR Activities in the Region -- 8 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES: ACCESSION AND ASYLUM IN AN EXPANDED EUROPEAN UNION.

8.I: Introduction -- 8.II: Migration and Asylum Policy in the West in the 1990s -- 8.Ill: Factoring the Influences on Asylum Policy: the Accession Process in Context -- 8.III.A: Chain Reactions: Readmission Agreements, 'Safe Third Country' Policies and the 'Closed Sack' Fear -- 8.III.B: Transferring the Acquis and the Democratic Process -- 8.IV: The Process of Accession -- 8.V: The Tampere Summit and the Future of the Asylum Acquis -- 8.VI: Transposing the Acquis -- 8.VI.A: Manifestly Unfounded Claims -- 8.VI.B: Minimum Guarantees for Asylum Procedures -- 8.VI.C: Bifurcated Harmonization: Procedure Before Substance -- 8.VI.D: Judicial Challenges to the Presumption of Equal Justice -- 8.VII: Lessons Learned -- 9 TRANSFORMATION OF ASYLUM IN EUROPE -- 9.I: A Comparative Assessment of Migration Control and Refugee Protection in the Three Sub-regions -- 9.II: The Phases of the Transformation of Asylum -- 9.Ill: Asylum and Enlargement -- SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- INDEX -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.