Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 2D-to-3d Face Recognition Systems -- 1.1 Intelligent Video Systems -- 1.1.1 The Need for Intelligent Video Systems -- 1.1.2 The Barrier to Face -- 1.1.3 2D-to-3D Bridges the Performance Gap for Intelligent Video Systems -- 1.2 Computational Anatomy and Diffeomorphisms For 2D-TO-3D Model Generation -- 1.2.1 Computational Anatomy -- 1.2.2 One and Two-View Geometry Generation -- 1.2.3 Statistical Validation of 2D-to-3D Model Generation -- 1.2.4 Root Mean Squared Error on Controlled and Uncontrolled Imagery -- 1.2.5 Rigid Motion Reconstruction Accuracy -- 1.3 The 2D-To-3D Technology for Photometric Representation -- 1.4 2D-To-3D Geometric Model Normalization -- 1.4.1 2D-to-3D Geometric Normalization -- 1.4.2 2D-to-3D Photometric Normalization -- 1.4.3 Boosting Facial Recognition Systems via 2D-to-3D Geometric Model Generation -- 1.5 Pose and Lighting Invariant Facial Recognition Systems Based On 2D-To-3D Geometry Generation -- 1.5.1 2D-to-3D Enabled Frontal Pose-Invariant Facial Recognition Systems -- 1.5.2 Lighting Invariant 2D-to-3D Facial Recognition Systems -- 1.5.3 2D-to-3D Full Profile Identification Systems -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Eye and Iris Sensors -- 2.1 Biometrics for Human Identification -- 2.2 Scientific Overview of Iris Technology -- 2.2.1 Technology Basics -- 2.2.2 Research Review -- 2.3 Challenges in Iris Technology -- 2.3.1 Stringent Iris Acquisition Requirements -- 2.3.2 Standoff Iris Segmentation Challenges -- 2.3.3 Lack of Database Cross Validation -- 2.3.4 Image Quality Requirements and Preprocessing -- 2.4 Future Research Directions -- 2.4.1 Critical Needs Analysis -- 2.4.2 Emerging Technical Approaches -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Craniofacial Aging -- 3.1 Scientific Overview.

3.1.1 Craniofacial Aging: Findings in Anthropology and Forensics -- 3.2 Critical Needs Analysis -- 3.2.1 Longitudinal Face Databases -- 3.2.2 Effect of Adult Aging on a Standard Face Recognition Technique -- 3.2.3 Face Recognition Using Synthetic Facial Aging -- 3.3 Research Directions -- References -- Chapter 4 Threat Signatures of Explosive Materials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Scientific Overview -- 4.2.1 Explosive Terms Defined -- 4.3 Elements That Comprise Explosive Materials -- 4.4 Vapor Pressure of Explosive Materials -- 4.5 Explosives Detection -- 4.5.1 Overview -- 4.5.2 Trace Explosives Detection -- 4.5.3 Explosive Vapor Detection -- 4.5.4 Explosive Particle Detection -- 4.5.5 Taggants -- 4.5.6 Trace Detection Technologies Equipment -- 4.5.7 Canine Detection of Explosives -- 4.5.8 Bulk Detection -- 4.5.9 Electromagnetic Radiation -- 4.5.10 Imaging Technologies -- 4.5.11 Nuclear-Based Technologies -- 4.5.12 Summary and Future Research Directions -- 4.6 Research and Funding Data -- 4.7 Critical Needs Analysis and Research Directions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 5 Radioactive Materials Sensors -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Gamma Ray and Neutron Sensing and Spectroscopy -- 5.3 Radiation Imaging -- 5.4 Active Interrogation -- 5.5 Radiation Detection Materials -- 5.6 System Integration -- 5.7 Closing Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6 Sensing Dispersal of Chemical and Biological Agents in Urban Environments -- 6.1 Rationale for Chemical and Biological Sensors in Urban Environments -- 6.2 Chemical and Biological Detection Architecture -- 6.2.1 Low Consequence Sensor Performance Requirements -- 6.2.2 High Consequence Sensor Performance Requirements -- 6.3 Chemical and Biological Sensor Technical Approach -- 6.3.1 Low Consequence Chemical Sensor Technologies.

6.3.2 Low Consequence Biological Sensor Technologies -- 6.3.3 High Consequence Chemical Sensor Technologies -- 6.3.4 High Consequence Biological Sensor Technologies -- 6.4 Future Technology Needs and Improvements -- References -- Chapter 7 Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Chemical Sensors for Homeland Security Applications -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Background -- 7.3 Threats, Challenges, and New Technical Solutions -- 7.3.1 Threats -- 7.3.1 Threats -- 7.3.2 Challenges in Chemical Sensing of Homeland Security Threats -- 7.3.3 Technical Solution-New Sensor Platform with Multivariable Signal Transduction -- 7.4 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Index.