Norms and Usage in Language History, 1600-1900 -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgements -- The interplay of language norms and usage patterns -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Overview of the contributions -- 3. Phased standardization and diaglossia -- 3.1 Target groups and nationalization -- 3.2 Standard language ideology -- 3.3 Sources -- 3.4 Supralocalization -- 3.5 Diaglossia and diglossia -- References -- Language norms and language use in seventeenth-century Dutch: Negation and the genitive -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Texts and corpora -- 3. The normative tradition -- 4. Case study 1: Negation -- 4.1 Negation in the history of Dutch -- 4.2 Results -- 5. Case study 2: Genitival constructions -- 5.1 The genitive case and deflection -- 5.2 Results -- 6. Discussion and conclusions -- Websites -- References -- Language norms and language use in eighteenth-century Dutch: Final n and the genitive -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Texts and corpora -- 3. Language norms -- 4. Case study 1: n-deletion -- 4.1 Deletion of final n in Dutch -- 4.2 Results -- 5. Case study 2: Genitival constructions -- 5.1 The genitive case and deflection -- 5.2 Results -- 6. Discussion and conclusions -- Websites -- References -- Norms and usage in nineteenth-century Southern Dutch -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Prescriptivism and explicit language norms -- 2.1 North -- 2.2 South -- 2.2.1 Early eighteenth century -- 2.2.2 Later eighteenth century -- 2.2.3 United Kingdom of the Netherlands -- 3. Three case studies -- 4. Prescriptions and typical usage in normative works -- 4.1 Long A -- 4.2 Verbal endings -- 4.3 E + R clusters -- 4.4 Overview -- 5. Usage in a corpus of early nineteenth-century manuscripts -- 6. Discussion: Norms and usage -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Norms and usage in seventeenth-century English -- 1. Introduction.

1.1 Language regulation and speaker agency -- 1.2 Vernacularization -- 1.3 Accessing actual usage and targeting norms -- 2. Attitudes to varieties and normative regulation -- 2.1 Views on varieties -- 2.2 Proposals for normative regulation -- 3. Emergent norms in the seventeenth century -- 3.1 Spelling -- 3.2 Lexis -- 3.3 Literary language -- 4. Sources for the study of seventeenth-century usage -- 4.1 Dictionaries and lexicons -- 4.2 Contemporary grammars -- 4.3 Corpora and databases -- 5. Comparing norms and usage -- 5.1 Spelling -- 5.2 Vocabulary -- 5.3 Grammar -- 6. Conclusion -- Appendix: Corpora and databases -- References -- Eighteenth-century English normative grammars and their readers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The subscribers to Postlethwaite's grammar -- 3. Postlethwaite and Lowth's grammar -- 4. From grammars to usage guides -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Nineteenth-century English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Grammar writing in nineteenth-century England -- 3. Schooling in nineteenth-century England -- 4. Nineteenth-century language usage -- 5. Concluding remarks -- Corpora and databases -- References -- From l'usage to le bon usage and back -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Codification and prescription in seventeenth-century France -- 1.2 The socio-cultural context -- 2. Normative publications -- 2.1 Linguistic commentaries -- 2.2 Remarks and observations on French -- 2.3 Grammars and methods -- 2.4 Dictionaries -- 2.5 More specialist works -- 3. Sources for research on seventeenth-century French usage -- 3.1 Ego-documents -- 3.1.1 Private correspondence -- 3.1.2 Other ego-documents -- 3.1.3 Jean Héroard's journal -- 3.2 Multi-genre databases and corpora -- 3.3 Convergence of different types of sources -- 4. Norms and usage -- 4.1 Influence on literary usage -- 4.2 Influence or reflection? -- References.

Jacques-Louis Ménétra and his experience of the langue d'oc -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The linguistic value of Ménétra's text -- 3. Ménétra's tours de France and the languages of France -- 4. Ménétra's linguistic experiences -- 4.1 Ménétra and the langue d'oc -- 4.2 Diffusion of French into the south -- 4.3 The linguistic distance between French and Occitan and accommodation -- 5. Conclusion -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- Appendix C -- Appendix D -- References -- From local to supra-local -- 1. Introduction -- 2. French in Canada in the nineteenth century -- 3. Accessing a supra-local norm: The Papineau family -- 4. Charles Morin: The mastery of the writing medium -- 4.1 Charles Morin and his journal -- 4.2 Local vernacular features in Charles Morin's diary -- 4.3 Standard features and language display in Charles Morin's diary -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Language description, prescription and usage in seventeenth-century German -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The codification of German in the seventeenth century -- 3. Prescription and practice: Schottelius's codification of German and its influence on usage -- 3.1 Scenario 1: Prescription of practice that is already widespread: Soll rather than sol -- bey or bei -- 3.2 Scenario 2: The prescription codifies practice that is found, but which is more or less marginal compared with other forms, spellings and structures -- 3.3 Scenario 3: Stigmatization of a variant -- 3.4 Scenario 4: Promotion of spellings that are not found at all in earlier practice -- 3.5 Scenario 5: Prescriptive authority is silent with regard to variants which are nevertheless attested, whose frequency may increase or decrease, regardless of any backing or stigmatization by authorities -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Standard German in the eighteenth century norms and use* -- 1. Introduction.

2. Sources for the eighteenth century -- 3. Changes in the language -- 3.1 Loss of genitive -- 3.2 Verb periphrases -- 3.3 Morphological agreement -- 3.4 Verb positions in sub-clauses -- 3.5 Polynegation -- 4. Evaluating linguistic difference -- 4.1 Loss of genitive: Wegen with dative -- 4.2 Auxiliary tun -- 4.3 Polynegation -- 4.4 Doppelperfekt -- 4.5 Diminutive suffixes -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Prescriptive norms and norms of usage in nineteenth-century German -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The socio-historical background of written German usage in the nineteenth-century German-speaking countries -- 3. The ideological roots of prescriptive norms -- 4. Different concepts of 'standard' and different models of the standardisation of German -- 5. Sources -- 5.1 Sources of prescriptive norms in Germany and their circulation -- 5.2 Language use - text sources and text corpora -- 6. The relationship between prescriptive norms and language use in nineteenth-century German -- 6.1 (Possible) effects of prescriptive norms -- 6.2 Limits of prescriptive norms -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Grammar books, model letter writers, guides for 'good language' -- Research literature -- Index.