Copernicus, Darwin, & Freud -- Contents -- Note: Sections at a more advanced level are indicated by -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- I Nicolaus Copernicus: The Loss of Centrality -- 1 Ptolemy and Copernicus -- 2 A Clash of Two Worldviews -- 2.1 The geocentric worldview -- 2.2 Aristotle's cosmology -- 2.3 Ptolemy's geocentrism -- 2.4 A philosophical aside: Outlook -- 2.5 Shaking the presuppositions: Some medieval developments -- 3 The Heliocentric Worldview -- 3.1 Nicolaus Copernicus -- 3.2 The explanation of the seasons -- 3.3 Copernicus and the Copernican turn -- 3.3.1 A philosophical aside: From empirical adequacy to theoretical validity -- 3.4 Copernicus consolidated: Kepler and Galileo -- 4 Copernicus was not a Scientifi c Revolutionary -- 4.1 The Copernican method -- 4.2 The relativity of motion -- 5 The Transition to Newton -- 5.1 On hypotheses -- 6 Some Philosophical Lessons -- 6.1 The loss of centrality -- 6.2 Was Copernicus a realist? -- 6.2.1 Lessons for instrumentalism and realism -- 6.3 Modern realism -- 6.4 The underdetermination of theories by evidence -- 6.4.1 The Duhem-Quine thesis -- -> 6.4.2 The power of constraints -- 6.5 Theories, models, and laws -- -> 6.5.1 Theories and models -- -> 6.5.2 Laws of nature, laws of science -- -> 6.5.3 Philosophical views of laws -- -> 6.5.3.1 The inference view -- -> 6.5.3.2 The regularity view -- -> 6.5.3.3 The necessitarian view -- -> 6.5.3.4 The structural view -- 7 Copernicus and Scientifi c Revolutions -- 8 The Anthropic Principle: A Reversal of the Copernican Turn? -- Reading List -- Essay Questions -- II Charles Darwin: The Loss of Rational Design -- 1 Darwin and Copernicus -- 2 Views of Organic Life -- 2.1 Teleology -- 2.1.1 The Great Chain of Being -- 2.1.2 Design arguments -- 2.1.3 Jean Baptiste Lamarck -- 3 Fossil Discoveries -- 3.1 Of bones and skeletons.

3.2 The antiquity of man -- 4 Darwin's Revolution -- 4.1 The Darwinian view of life -- 4.1.1 Principles of evolution -- 4.2 The descent of man -- 5 Philosophical Matters -- 5.1 Philosophical presuppositions: Mechanical worldview, determinism, materialism -- 5.2 From biology to the philosophy of mind -- 5.2.1 Empiricism -- 5.2.2 Philosophy of mind -- 5.2.3 Emergent minds -- 5.3 The loss of rational design -- 5.4 Intelligent design (ID) -- 6 A Question of Method -- 6.1 Darwinian inferences -- 6.2 Philosophical empiricism -- 6.3 Some principles of elimination -- -> 6.4 Essential features of eliminative induction -- 6.5 Falsifi ability or testability? -- 6.6 Explanation and prediction -- -> 6.7 Some models of scientifi c explanation -- -> 6.7.1 Hempel's models -- -> 6.7.2 Functional models -- -> 6.7.3 Causal models -- 6.7.3.1 A counterfactual-interventionist account -- 6.7.3.2 A conditional model of causation -- -> 6.7.4 Structural explanations -- 6.8 A brief return to realism -- 6.9 Darwin and scientifi c revolutions -- 6.9.1 Philosophical consequences -- Reading List -- Essay Questions -- III Sigmund Freud: The Loss of Transparency -- 1 Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud -- 2 Some Views of Humankind -- 2.1 Enlightenment views of human nature -- 2.2 Nietzsche's view of human nature -- 3 Scientism and the Freudian Model of Personality -- 3.1 Freud's model of the mind -- 3.1.1 A summary of psychoanalytic theory -- 3.1.2 Analogy with physics -- 3.1.3 Freud as an Enlightenment thinker -- 3.1.4 The scientifi c status of the Freudian model -- 3.1.4.1 Freud's methods -- -> 3.1.4.2 The method of eliminative induction, again -- 3.1.5 Freud stands between the empirical and the hermeneutic models -- 3.1.6 The role of mind in the social world -- 4 The Social Sciences beyond Freud -- 4.1 Two standard models of the social sciences - some history.

4.1.1 The naturalistic model -- 4.1.2 The hermeneutic model -- 4.2 Essential features of social science models -- 4.2.1 Essential features of the naturalistic model -- 4.2.2 Essential features of the hermeneutic model -- 4.3 Questions of methodology -- -> 4.3.1 What is Verstehen? -- -> 4.3.2 Weber's methodology of ideal types -- -> 4.3.3 Verstehen and objectivity -- -> 4.4 Causation in the social sciences -- -> 4.4.1 Weber on causation -- -> 4.4.2 On the existence of social laws -- 4.4.3 Explanation and prediction in the social sciences -- 4.4.4 Underdetermination -- 4.4.5 Realism and relativism -- -> 4.4.6 Reductionism and functionalism -- 5 Evolution and the Social Sciences -- 5.1 Sociobiology - the fourth revolution? -- 5.2 Evolutionary psychology -- 6 Freud and Revolutions in Thought -- 6.1 Revolutions in thought vs. revolutions in science -- Reading List -- Essay Questions -- Name Index -- Subject Index.